iiS 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 

MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


THE 


TEMPERAMENTS; 

OB, 

THE    VARIETIES    OF 

PHYSICAL  CONSTITUTION  IN  MAN, 
Considered  in  their  Relations 

TO 

MENTAL   CHARACTER 


AND  THE 


PRACTICAL  AFFAIRS   OF   LIFE,   Etc.,    Etc. 

By  D.  H.  Jacques,    m.d. 


WITH   AN    INTRODUCTION 

By    H.   S.   DRAYTON.    AM 

IN  .JB«— Readers  of  this  Work,  in  seeking  advice  or 
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Broughton  House.  South  Cliff, 
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THE 

TEMPERAMENTS; 

OK, 

THE    VARIETIES    OF 

PHYSICAL  CONSTITUTION  IN  MAN, 
Considered  in  their  Relations 

TO 

MENTAL   CHARACTER 

AND  THE 

PRACTICAL  AFFAIRS   OF   LIFE,    Etc.,    Etc. 

By  D.  H.  Jacques,    m.D. 

WITH   AN    INTRODUCTION 

By   H.   S.   DRAYTON,   A.M., 

EDITOR  OF  THE  "PHRENOLOGICAL  JOURNAL,  ETC." 


NEW  YORK: 

FOWLER    &    WELLS    CO.,    PUBLISHERS, 

775  Broadway. 

1888. 

L.  N.  FOWLER  &  COMPY. 

PUBLISHERS 
T|  Imperial.  Arcade,  Ludgate  CiROU#f 
nv  LONDON.  IC.O. 


COPYRIGHT,    1878,   BY 

R.    WELLS    &    CO 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION. 
I. 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions  —  Such  outlines  of 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  as  seem  necessary  to  the  right 
understanding  of  the  Temperaments 1 1 

II. 

A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments  —  Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern theories  and  classifications  briefly  described 3c 

III. 

The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments  —  The  gener- 
ally received  classification  of  Medical  and  Physiological 
writers,  in  which  four  Temperaments  (the  Sanguine, 
the  Lymphatic,  the  Bilious,  and  the  Nervous)  are  rec- 
ognized, is  fully  explained,  each  Temperament  some- 
what minutely  described,  the  value  of  the  system  ac- 
knowledged, but  its  faults  pointed  out 41 

IV. 

The  Anatomical  or  Rational  Classification  —  The  three  Tem- 
peraments (Motive,  Vital,  and  Mental)  fully  described 
and  illustrated,  with  their  Causes,  Characteristics  (phys- 
ical and  mental),  means  of  Culture,  Counteractive  and 
Restraining  agencies,  etc. ;  also  the  Compound  Tem- 
peraments, Motive-Mental,  etc.,  etc,  ? 62 

(iii) 


M34814'* 


iv  Contents. 

V. 

Temperament  and  Configuration  —  A  more  complete  and 
detailed  exposition  of  the  relations  between  tempera- 
mental conditions  and  the  form  of  the  head,  features  of 
the  face,  and  general  configuration  of  the  body,  than  has 
hitherto  been  given 93 

VI. 

Temperament  and  Color — The  complexion  and  color  of  the 
hair  and  eyes  as  indications  of  Temperament  —  Two 
distinct  varieties  of  the  Motive  Temperament  distin- 
guished and  described,  etc.,  etc 100 

VII. 

Changes  of  Temperament  —  1.  From  natural  causes,  as  cli- 
mate, age,  etc. ;  2.  From  direct  culture. no 

VIII. 

Temperament  and  Mentality — The  Phrenological  develop- 
ments characteristic  of  each  Temperament 1 20 

IX. 

Temperament  in  Age  and  Sex  —  Showing  that  sex  modifies 
temperamental  manifestations,  and  that  there  are  cer- 
tain changes  often  resulting  from  the  transitions  from 
one  stage  of  life  to  another,  as  from  childhood  to  youth, 
at  puberty,  at  the  "  turn  of  life,"  in  old  age,  etc 125 

X. 

Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations  —  In  marriage, 
domestic  life,  management  of  children,  etc 131 

XI. 
Temperament  and  Education  ... ? ................ ,    146 


Contents,  v 

XII. 
Temperament  as  Affecting  the  Choice  of  Occupation 15^ 

XIII. 

Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease  —  Practical  hygienic 
rules  for  correcting  the  predispositions  of  each  Tem- 
perament to  particular  diseases 166 

XIV. 

Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations — The  Races  Classi- 
fied— Temperament  in  the  Caucasian  Race :  The  An- 
cient Greeks,  The  Ancient  Roman,  The  Semite  or  Syro- 
Arabian,  The  Hindoo,  The  German,  The  Scandinavian, 
The  Englishman,  The  Anglo-American,  The  Scotchman, 
The  Irishman,  The  Frenchman,  The  Italian,  The  Span- 
iard, The  Sclavon — The  Temperament  in  the  Malay 
Race ;  in  the  American  Race ;  in  the  Ethiopian  Race. .    182 

XV. 

Studies  in  Temperament — The  Great  Tragedienne ;  The 
Mormon  Leader  ;  The  Daughter  of  a  Queen ;  A  Savage 
Chieftain  ;  A  Savage  Woman  and  Child  ;  A  Working 
Bishop ;  A  Solid,  Stable  Character ;  Temperament 
"  in  the  Rough  ;  "  A  Literary  Lady  ;  An  Ardent,  Emo- 
tional Character ;  The  Melanic,  or  Dark  Element ;  An 
American  Soldier  ;  Chief  of  the  Horsemen 203 

XVI. 

Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals  —  Temperament  in 
Wild  Animals,  and  showing  the  effect  of  domestication 
on  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  dogs,  etc 220 


INTRODUCTION 


THE  literature  of  the  Temperaments  is  very  scanty 
If  the  physiologist  or  student  of  human  nature  will 
survey  the  field  from  the  time  even  of  Hippocrates, 
he  will  be  astonished  by  the  paucity  of  authors  who 
have  given  to  the  world  aught  in  the  way  of  obser- 
vations or  speculations  on  the  nature  and  character- 
istic influence  of  the  physical  constitution  expressed 
by  the  term  Temperament.  Indeed,  he  may  count 
the  treatises  known  to  the  world  upon  his  fingers. 
This  singular  fact  can  not  be  imputed  to  a  lack  of 
information  on  the  subject,  for  the  medicists  of  the 
times  of  Hippocrates  and  Galen  held  certain  well- 
defined  views  concerning  peculiar  conditions  or  dia- 
theses of  the  human  body,  and  the  vocation  of  the 
physician  necessarily  required  him  to  consider  in  some 
way  the  mental  and  physical  constitution  of  his  pa- 
tients, and  to  adapt  his  treatment,  whatever  it  might 
be,  to  their  systemic  habits.  What  is  found  in  the 
old  Greek  and  Latin  authors  savors  much,  to  be  sure, 
of  dogma,  but  there  is  so  much  of  definiteness  in  their 
characterization,  as  in  the  case  of  the  quartic  classifi- 
cation of  Hippocrates,  that  we  are  led  to  believe  that 
their  knowledge  of  human  physiology,  or  of  the  prin- 
ciples governing  growth  and  organic  function,  was 
really  more  positive  and  nearer  practical  exactness 


2  Introduction. 

than  appears  in  most  of  their  discussions  of  dis« 
ease  and  its  treatment.  Speculation,  however,  char- 
acterized the  medical  thought  of  the  ancient  and 
medieval  periods,  just  as  it  predominated  in  the  dis- 
cussions concerning  the  nature  of  the  mind  and  the 
relation  of  the  thinking  principle  to  the  brain  or  the 
physical  organism.  If  one  will  follow  the  lines  of 
thought  as  crystallized  in  the  works  on  medicine  and 
metaphysics  which  have  survived  the  lapse  of  ages, 
he  will  observe  that  a  parallelism  exists  between  these 
two  great  branches  of  inquiry,  and  that  progress  or 
development  in  one,  is  accompanied  by  advancement 
in  the  other.  The  great  period  of  illumination  in 
physiology  which  was  ushered  in  by  Harvey's  dem- 
onstration of  the  movement  of  the  blood,  had  its 
complement  in  the  long  stride  made  by  modern  re- 
search in  nervous  function  and  the  office  of  the  brain 
— of  which  research  the  Oxford  professor,  Willis,  was 
one  of  the  chief  promoters. 

When  science  had  fairly  emerged  from  the  maze 
of  medieval  controversy,  and  chemistry,  astronomy, 
physiology,  and  mental  philosophy  had  been  estab- 
lished upon  firm  principles  universally  recognized, 
then  the  wonderful  development  of  the  eighteenth 
and  nineteenth  centuries  was  begun.  In  this  devel- 
opment we  perceive  the  influence  of  Temperament, 
and  it  is  no  difficult  task  for  the  physiologist,  particu- 
larly if  he  be  learned  in  the  works  of  Gall  and  Spurz- 
heim,  to  signalize  the  several  effects  which  peculiar 
constitutional  states  have  had  in  determining  the 
course  of  individual  effort  and  in  molding  results. 

It  would,  therefore,  appear  that  the  subject  of  this 
treatise  is  an  important  one ;  in  fact,  one  of  the  most 


Introduction.  3 

important  within  the  province  of  the  student  and 
author ;  but  to  indicate  in  this  place,  in  more  than  a 
few  points,  the  nature  of  that  importance,  would  be 
to  trespass  upon  the  field  which  Dr.  Jacques  has 
covered  with  that  fullness  of  detail  which  evidences 
his  familiarity  with  the  subject  as  a  student  and 
trained  observer,  and  in  that  graceful,  instructive 
style  which  has  made  his  well-known  treatises  on 
popular  education  and  physiology  so  acceptable 
wherever  they  have  been  read. 

Every  living  organism  has  certain  qualities  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  as  belonging  to  a  certain 
class,  order,  or  species  of  organisms.  The  naturalist 
has  taken  upon  himself  the  labor  of  analyzing  and 
defining  the  myriad  forms  of  being,  and  for  centuries 
has  found  a  most  fruitful  field  for  the  exercise  of  his 
intellectual  powers.  He  finds  his  task  one  of  infinite 
extensibility ;  with  each  attainment  of  knowledge  new 
vistas  of  research  open  before  him  ;  and  in  lines  where 
he  had  believed  there  was  little  remaining  for  scru- 
tiny, he  is  often  amazed  by  the  opening  up  of  a  fresh 
mine,  which  invites  his  enthusiastic  investigation. 
He  has  found  the  domain  of  life  so  vast  that  he  must 
needs  devote  himself  to  but  a  few  members  of  the 
animal  or  vegetable  world,  would  he  learn  m  ch  of 
their  peculiarities  in  the  short  space  allotted  him  for 
active  labor  on  earth.  He  perceives  that  his  work  is 
complicated,  not  only  by  the  apparent  crossings  and 
mixtures  of  species,  but  also  by  variations  in  the 
constitution  peculiar  to  members  of  species.  To 
him  the  worm  and  the  beetle  have  their  family  char- 
acteristics of  color  and  form,  as  well  as  the  lion, 
horse,  or  dog;   and  he  pries  into  their  homes  and 


4  Introduction. 

habits  to  ascertain  the  sources  and  reasons  for  such 
characteristics. 

The  physiologist  who  has  chosen  man  for  his  study 
finds  the  subject  to  unfold  rapidly  before  his  con- 
templation, until  it  becomes  a  maze  of  complication ; 
its  web  of  moral,  intellectual,  and  physical  interrela- 
tion assuming  a  thousand  hues  and  forms  as  he  views 
it.  In  despair  of  ever  tracing  every  line  to  its  source 
and  revealing  the  secret  springs  of  human  mental 
and  moral  life,  he  may  well  exclaim  with  the  great 
dramatist,  "  What  a  piece  of  work  is  man  !  How 
noble  in  reason !  how  infinite  in  faculties  !  " 

The  primary  influence  or  property  in  living  organ- 
isms, is  that  known  by  the  term  Heredity.  Its  essence 
is  unattainable  by  the  nicest  methods  of  the  chemist, 
inexplicable  by  the  most  careful  analysis  of  the  phi- 
losopher. Creative  energy  supplies  it ;  creative  wis- 
dom only  can  resolve  it.  Let  the  physiologist  con- 
cern himself  with  the  effects  of  this  hereditary, 
this  differential  vital  force,  in  their  manifold  forms. 
He  has,  to  be  sure,  already  acquired  a  large  store  of 
facts  in  such  study ;  let  him  go  on  with  his  observa- 
tion and  research.  Turning  aside,  now  and  then,  to 
look  into  the  marvelous  evolutions  of  the  protoplas- 
mic germ  with  the  hope  of  attaining  the  why  and 
wherefore,  while  the  organized  forms  are  not  yet 
fully  comprehended  in  their  commonest  phases  of 
activity,  is  but  wasting  time  and  talent,  and  neg- 
lecting the  useful. 

In  the  study  of  the  human  Temperaments  the 
physiologist  who  elects  it  is  brought  to  the  consid- 
eration of  the  effects  of  inheritance,  and,  subse- 
quently, in  addition,  of  habit  upon  the   body  and 


Introduction.  5 

the  mind.  He  early  perceives  the  vast  importance 
of  a  correct  understanding  of  the  physical  organiza- 
tion, the  functional  peculiarities  of  stomach,  heart, 
and  lungs ;  the  quality  of  brain  ;  the  contour  and 
texture  of  bone,  muscle,  and  tissue  in  individual 
cases.  Man  is  many-sided,  exceedingly  versatile  in 
his  range  of  capability,  and  his  highest,  truest  suc- 
cess is  found  in  relations  where  his  body  and  mind 
are  harmoniously  employed  ;  where,  in  other  words, 
he  finds  a  complete  adaptation  of  his  powers,  mental 
and  physical. 

So  far  as  concerns  themselves,  every  man  and 
woman  should  be  physiologists,  should  be  conver- 
sant with  the  laws  and  processes  of  their  physical 
nature  ;  not  merely  knowing  something  of  the  mode 
by  which  food  enters  the  stomach  and  is  converted 
into  nutriment,  or  how  the  blood  passes  from  the 
heart  to  the  lungs  and  is  vitalized  by  respiration,  but 
how  they  differ  from  other  men  and  women  in  con- 
stitution of  body  and  properties  of  mind,  and  what 
the  differences  mean  in  relation  to  individual  capa- 
bility. The  great  majority  of  intelligent  workers  in 
every  sphere  of  life  are  misplaced,  and,  therefore, 
fail  to  accomplish  as  much  for  themselves  and  the 
world  as  they  would  in  their  appropriate  departments 
of  effort.  This  fact  is  appreciated  by  thousands  who 
discovered  too  late  their  unfitness  for  the  vocation 
which  a  parent,  or  caprice,  or  necessity  assigned  to 
them  ;  while  other  thousands  are  toiling  sadly  and 
wearily  amid  inharmonious  relations,  attributing  their 
unsuccess  to  ill-luck  or  destiny,  and  totally  unaware 
of  the  fundamental  cause  of  their  unfortunate  situa- 
tion. 


6  Introduction. 

Whether  the  physiologist  makes  his  analysis  in 
accordance  with  the  old  system  of  four  Tempera- 
ments, or  in  accordance  with  the  new  system,  which 
recognizes  but  three,  he  attributes  a  certain  type  of 
organization  to  the  person  under  his  observation. 
He  does  not  expect  the  man  in  whom  the  nervous 
or  mental  quality  predominates,  to  exhibit  the  dis- 
position of  the  man  in  whom  the  bilious  or  motive 
quality  is  the  most  conspicuous.  And  he  would  not 
assign  men  so  differently  constituted  to  the  same  kind 
of  work,  any  more  than  an  experienced  agriculturist 
would  set  a  plow  and  cultivator  side  by  side  in  a 
rough  field,  and  expect  them  to  perform  similar  duty 
in  preparing  the  soil  for  a  crop.  No  ;  he  would  as- 
sign to  him  of  the  strong  mental  or  nervous  consti- 
tution work  which  required  the  exercise  chiefly  of 
the  intellect  and  a  light,  facile  hand  ;  while  to  him 
of  the  motive  or  bilious  type,  he  would  give  labor 
requiring  muscular  strength  and  steady,  enduring 
application  ;  for  one  he  would  consider  the  duties  of 
the  counting-room  or  office  appropriate ;  for  the  other 
the  tasks  of  the  farm  or  the  workshop. 

He  would  not  think  of  supplying  these  two  men 
with  food  of  like  materials  and  quantity,  because  he 
knows  that  their  differences  in  physical  constitution 
enjoin  a  difference  in  their  food,  which  must  be  ob- 
served for  the  maintenance  of  their  respective  healths. 
And  further  still,  their  proclivities  and  requirements 
are  unlike,  as  he  perceives,  in  the  matter  of  recrea- 
tion, society,  and  mental  avocation. 

This  subject  of  Temperament,  the  reader  may  re- 
mark, is  one  which  relates  mainly  to  the  human  body, 
how  it  is  built  up  and  constituted  in  its  different  parts ; 


Introduction.  7 

it  particularly  relates  to  the  office  or  influence  exer 
cised  in  the  economy  of  physical  life  by  those  great 
organs — the  stomach,  liver,  lungs,  heart,  brain,  and 
nerves.  Yes,  this  is  true  if  we  merely  consider  the 
bodily  constitution  as  a  piece  of  vitalized  mechanism  : 
but  the  study  of  the  human  Temperaments  is  vastly 
more  than  a  department  of  mechanical  physiology,  and 
relates,  as  we  have  indicated,  to  the  part  man  fills  as  the 
most  powerful  factor  in  the  economy  of  nature.  We 
can  not  assert  that  man  is  what  he  is  by  virtue  of  his 
physical  organization,  yet  the  potency  of  Tempera- 
ment may  not  be  estimated,  and  we  can  not  separate 
man's  psychic  susceptibilities  and  capabilities,  in  their 
practical  analysis,  from  his  physical  constitution.  The 
latter  supplements  the  former — body  feeds  mind.  The 
subtile  connection  between  mind  and  body  can  not 
be  explained  any  more  than  that  agent  or  force  which 
we  so  glibly  call  life ;  to  comprehend  one  would  be 
to  comprehend  the  other ;  yet  when  we  examine  the 
material  aspects  of  the  human  machine,  the  body, 
we  are  guided  to  safe  conclusions  with  respect  to  the 
operation  of  that  machine  ;  we  are  enabled  to  judge 
of  its  productive  energy  in  both  physical  and  mental 
respects.  If  the  appreciation  of  phenomena  be  the 
proper  domain  of  science,  it  seems  to  us  clear  enough 
that,  when  taken  on  its  material  side  only,  there  can 
be  a  no  more  interesting  subject  for  the  research  of 
the  earnest  scientific  inquirer  than  this  of  the  Tem- 
peraments. Comparatively  fresh  as  a  department  of 
study,  it  possesses  every  feature  of  attraction,  every 
quality  of  interest,  appealing  to  the  imagination  as 
well  as  to  the  judgment,  and  furnishing  an  exhaust- 
less  stock  of  materials.    The  student,  moreover,  needs 


8  Introduction. 

not  to  travel  to  the  East  or  to  the  West,  for  at  his 
very  door,  in  his  home-circle,  and  among  the  friends 
who  surround  him,  is  a  world  upon  which  he  may  ex- 
pend the  resources  of  his  intellect,  and  to  his  profit 
and  theirs.  It  is  said  that  an  eminent  German  natu- 
ralist occupied  the  greater  part  of  thirty  years  in 
studying  the  nature  of  a  single  species  of  worm,  and 
declared  that  he  had  by  no  means  learned  all  there  is 
to  be  ascertained  about  it.  What,  then,  is  to  be  said 
of  the  study  of  human  nature,  the  highest  form  of 
life,  with  its  myriad  phases  of  contour  and  its  com- 
plex mental  and  physical  correlations  ! 

The  earnest  observer  in  this  field  may  well  pause 
in  amazement  as  some  reflection  concerning  its  vast- 
ness  is  suggested  to  his  mind ;  but  aided  by  the  re- 
sults of  the  labor  of  others,  guided  by  those  princi- 
ples which  genius  has  deduced,  he  can  pursue  his  way 
through  the  apparent  confusion  and  grasp  fact  after 
fact,  and  add  truth  after  truth  to  his  store  of  useful 
knowledge. 

With  a  cordial  appreciation  of  the  need  of  a  popu- 
lar treatise  on  the  Temperaments,  this  volume  has 
been  carefully  prepared.  The  extent  of  the  subject 
precludes  anything  like  an  exhaustive  attempt,  yet 
the  author  has  striven  to  consider  it  from  all  prac- 
tical sides,  and  to  arrange  his  data  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  student  may  find  it  of  service  as  a  guide  in 
personal  observations.  The  illustrations,  with  but 
a  very  few  exceptions,  are  from  life — in  fact,  carefully 
engraved  portraits — so  that  their  value  in  a  scientific 
respect  is  positive.  It  is  unnecessary  to  state,  per- 
haps, that  the  introduction  of  every  portrait  is  simply 
for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  text ,  and,  there- 


Introduction.  9 

fore,  the  only  motive  in  their  use  is  a  purely  scien- 
tific one.  As  the  originals  of  some  of  the  portraits 
are  living,  this  statement  is  deemed  expedient  as  an 
explanation  or  apology  for  their  appearance. 

Shortly  after  completing  this  work  Dr.  Jacques  laid 
down  his  pen  forever.  Death  came  suddenly  while 
he  was  at  his  residence  in  Fernandina,  Florida.  Well- 
advanced  in  life,  yet  not  old  ;  in  the  midst  of  his  use- 
fulness— a  usefulness  founded  upon  a  life  of  great 
variety  and  activity,  in  whose  scenes  he  carried  a  stu- 
dious mind  and  an  unusual  calmness  of  judgment, 
which  enabled  him  to  profit  by  every  experience,  it 
is  not  strange  that  his  death  awakened  deep  regret 
in  the  wide  circle  for  which  he  had  become  a  highly 
respected  adviser.  Few  men  of  his  age  have  con- 
tributed as  much  as  he  to  practical  educational  liter- 
ature. •  He  studied  and  observed  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  information  which  he  could  disseminate 
broadly  through  the  press.  He  was  a  writer  by  pro- 
fession, and  filled,  in  the  course  of  forty  years  or  more, 
many  responsible  positions,  as  editor,  author,  and  con- 
tributor. For  many  years  his  pen  was  of  valuable 
service  to  the  Phrenological  Journal,  and  other  well- 
known  magazines  were  indebted  to  him  for  impor- 
tant contributions  to  their  pages.  He  loved  the  coun- 
try, and  was  at  home  in  the  field  and  garden,  and 
during  the  past  ten  years  his  literary  services  were 
chiefly  given  to  agriculture.  The  Rural  Carolinian 
the  Semi-Tropical,  and  the  other  leading  agricultural 
magazines  of  the  Southj  found  in  him  their  strongest 
ally.  His  opinions  were  authoritative,  although  he 
never  sought  to  exercise  authority  in  any  sphere.  He 
loved  the  quiet  reserve  of  home ;  his  spirit  had  no 


10  Introduction. 

sympathy  for  the  rude  and  turbulent ;  he  was  content 
to  stand  apart  from  the  busy  current  of  the  world's 
business,  and  simply  contemplate  its  ever-changing 
surface.  But  it  was  as  a  keen  observer  that  he 
looked  upon  the  swaying  masses  of  humanity ;  his 
massive  perceptive  faculties  descried  new  and  valu- 
able things  where  the  ordinary  spectator  saw  nothing 
but  commonplace  events ;  and  so  he  went  on  from 
year  to  year  accumulating  data,  and  in  the  retirement 
of  his  library  recording  them  with  a  facile  pen  for  the 
instruction  of  the  people.  His  "  Manuals  for  Home 
Improvement,"  "  The  Right  Word  in  the  Right 
Place,"  and  "  Physical  Perfection,"  are  models  of 
literary  style  and  of  didactic  method,  and  are  not 
surpassed  by  any  books  in  print  in  just  adaptation 
to  the  wants  of  the  masses.  Although  produced 
years  ago,  they  are  fresh  to-day  as  practical  per- 
sonal educators,  and  their  worth  enhances  in  the 
proportion  of  thdr  circulation. 

Dr.  Jacques  was  not  of  those  who  "  make  a  noise 
in  the  world,"  he  did  not  covet  notice,  and  beyond  a 
narrow  circle  of  sympathetic  friends  and  litterateurs 
he  was  scarcely  known  personally,  but  his  work  will 
remain  long  after  the  noisy  thousands  have  been  for- 
gotten, its  solid  benefits  making  society  his  debtor. 

H.    S.   DRAYTON, 

Editor  of  the  Phrenological  Journal 


THE   TEMPERAMENTS. 


THE  HUMAN  BODY  AND  ITS  FUNCTIONS. 

As  Temperament,  considered  in  its  physical  aspects, 
5  a  state  of  the  body  depending  upon  certain  com- 
jinations  of  its  various  systems  of  organs  and  certain 
functional  conditions  affecting  them,  some  knowledge 
or  these  organs  and  their  functions  will  be  essential 
to  the  profitable  study  of  the  subject  before  us.  For 
this  knowledge  in  its  details,  we  must  refer  the  reader, 
not  already  familiar  with  them,  to  the  standard  works 
on  Anatomy  and  Physiology ;  but,  in  order  that  he 
may  have  at  hand,  for  easy  reference,  the  general  facts 
pertaining  to  the  human  physical  organization,  we 
shall  here  devote  a  few  pages  to  the  presentation  of 
such  outlines  as  will,  we  trust,  serve  the  purpose  in 
view.  We  condense  from  previous  works,  claiming  no 
originality  for  the  general  features  of  our  sketch. 

We  find  in  the  human  body  three  grand  classes  or 
systems  of  organs,  each  of  which  has  its  special  func- 
tion in  the  general  economy.  They  may  appropri- 
ately be  called — 

i.  The  Motive  or  Mechanical  System  ; 

2.  The  Vital  or  Nutritive  System  ;  and 

3.  The  Mental  or  Nervous  System. 

(11) 


12  The  Temperaments, 

These  three  systems,  each  naturally  divided  into 
several  branches,  include  all  the  organs  and  perform 
all  the  functions  of  the  physical  man. 


I.— The  Motive  or  Mechanical  System. 

The  motive  or  mechanical  system  consists  of  three 
sets  of  organs,  forming,  in  combination,  an  apparatus 
of  levers  through  which  locomotion  and  all  the  larger 
movements  of  the  body  are  effected.     They  are : 

1.  The  Bones; 

2.  The  Ligaments  ;  and 

3.  The  Muscles. 

I.  The  Bones. — The  Bones  form  the  framework  of 
the  body.  They  are  primarily  organs  of  support,  sus- 
taining and  giving  solidity  to  every  part.  The  pro- 
portion which  they  bear  to  their  fleshy  covering  dif- 
fers materially  in  different  individuals ;  and  this  fact 
should  be  remembered  as  having  an  important  bearing 
upon  the  doctrine  of  the  Temperaments,  to  be  un- 
folded in  future  chapters. 

In  the  earlier  stages  of  their  formation,  the  bones 
are  cartilaginous  or  gristly  in  their  structures,  very 
flexible,  and  not  easily  broken.  This  wise  provision  of 
an  all-wise  Nature  is  illustrated  in  young  children, 
whose  innumerable  falls  never  result  in  a  fracture,  and 
whose  rapid  growth  would  be  entirely  inconsistent 
with  a  hardened  osseous  frame.  We  may  note  here, 
too,  in  passing,  that  the  legs  of  infants  are  often  made 
permanently  crooked  by  being  required,  under  the 
injudicious  training  of  unwisely  ambitious  parents,  to 
support  prematurely  the  weight  of  the  body.     Little 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  13 

is  gained  by  interfering  with  Nature,- in  such  attempts 
to  hasten  her  processes. 

In  due  time  the  bones,  receiving  deposits  of  lime, 
phosphorus,  and  other  earthy  materials,  gradually 
harden,  and  at  their  maturity  are  composed  of  nearly 
equal  proportions  of  animal  and  mineral  matter.  In 
old  age  the  earthy  matter  often  greatly  predominates, 
rendering  them  very  brittle. 

Like  other  parts  of  the  body,  the  bones  have  a 
system  of  blood-vessels  and  nerves,  and,  like  the  other 
parts,  are  subject  to  growth  and  decay,  though  their 
changes  are  less  rapid  than  those  of  the  softer  parts. 
Their  minute  structure  is  very  curious  and  beautiful. 
•  The  genius  and  skill  of  man  has  never  yet  suc- 
ceeded in  constructing  a  machine  so  beautiful  in  its 
perfect  adaptation  to  its  uses  as  the  human  skeleton  ; 
nor  can  the  wisest  of  mortals  suggest  an  improvement 
in  its  structure. 

See  what  noble  twin  columns,  resting  upon  the  firm, 
but  flexible  bases  of  the  feet,  support,  in  its  proper 
position,  the  grand  arch  of  the  pelvis  !  And  the  pelvis 
itself,  how  admirably  adapted  to  its  various  functions  ! 
While  it  has  all  the  necessary  strength  to  support  the 
body  which  rests  upon  it,  it  is  not  less  perfectly 
adapted  to  protect  and  sustain  the  vital  organs  situated 
within  it,  and  to  afford  them  room  for  the  proper  per- 
formance of  their  functions. 

The  grand  central  pillar,  the  spinal  column,  on 
whose  capital  rests  that  sublime  "dome  of  though];,'' 
the  cranium,  has  its  base  on  the  sacrum,  a  wedge-like 
bone  which  forms  the  keystone  of  the  pelvic  arch. 
The  spinal  or  vertebral  column  itself  is  one  of  the 


*4  The  Temperaments, 

most  wonderful  of  Nature's  wonderful  works.  It  is 
composed  of  twenty-four  bones,  called  vertebrae,  linked 
firmly  together  by  a  complicated  system  of  ligaments, 
giving  it  immense  strength,  and,  at  the  same  time,  great 
flexibility.  It  is  pierced  by  what  is  called  the  vertebral 
canal,  through  which  passes  the  spinal  cord  {medulla 
spinalis),  of  which  we  shall  have  more  to  say  further  on. 

Attached  to  the  dorsal  or  back  vertebrae  by  strong 
ligaments,  and  bending  forward  so  as  to  form  the 
grand  cavity  of  the  thorax,  are  the  twenty-four  ribs, 
twelve  on  each  side.  The  uppermost  seven  on  each 
side  are  called  the  true  ribs,  because  each  of  them  is 
connected  by  a  separate  cartilage  directly  with  the 
sternum  or  breast  bone  ;  while  the  lower  five  are  called 
false,  because  one  or  two  of  them  are  loose  at  the 
anterior  extremity  and  the  cartilages  of  the  rest  run 
into  each  other,  instead  of  being  separately  prolonged 
to  the  breast  bone. 

The  arms  are  loosely  attached  to  the  body  by  means 
of  movable  shoulder-blades,  which  are  kept  in  place 
by  the  collar-bone  and  the  strong  muscles  which  over- 
lay them. 

Bones  are  of  various  shapes — long,  as  in  the  arm 
and  leg ;  cuboidal  or  six-sided,  as  in  the  wrist  and 
instep  ;  and  flat,  as  in  the  cranium  and  the  shoulder- 
blades.  The  larger  ones  are  hollow,  which  property 
gives  them  more  strength  in  proportion  to  weight 
than  could  otherwise  have  been  obtained,  and  also 
secures  a  permanent  storehouse  for  nutriment  in  the 
form  of  marrow,  which  seems  to  be  set  aside  as  a  re- 
served fund  for  the  sustenance  of  the  body  when  all 
other  supplies  fail. 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  15 

The  connections  of  the  bones,  called  joints,  are 
very  beautiful  contrivances,  which  no  mechanic  or 
artist  could  improve.  These  connections  are  of 
various  kinds — by  sutures  or  a  sort  of  dovetailing, 
by  cartilaginous  attachments,  and  by  movable  joints. 
There  are  hinge  joints,  allowing  only  a  forward  and 
backward  movement,  and  ball  and  socket  joints, 
which  allow  the  bone  to  move  in  all  directions. 

2.  The  Ligaments. — The  ligaments,  already  inci- 
dentally mentioned,  help  to  form  the  joints,  and  are 
properly  called  organs  of  connection.  Their  strength 
and  toughness  is  so  great  that  it  is  almost  impos- 
sible, by  means  of  any  ordinary  force,  to  tear  them 
asunder. 

"  It  is  wonderful,"  a  distinguished  medical  writer 
says,  "  to  see  how  admirably  the  ligaments  are  ar- 
ranged to  answer  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  in- 
tended !  Where  the  ends  of  two  bones  meet,  as  in 
some  of  the  joints,  ligaments  pass  across  from  one  to 
the  other ;  and  so  firm  are  they  in  their  structure, 
that  they  never  allow  the  joint  to  become  loose, 
however  much  it  may  be  exercised.  Some  of  the  liga- 
ments are  arranged  so  as  to  keep  the  joint  from 
bending  the  wrong  way.  The  knee  joint,  which, 
were  it  not  for  its  numerous  ligaments,  would  be 
altogether  unfit  for  the  important  offices  it  fulfills, 
has  in  it  two  of  these  bands,  crossing  each  other  like 
the  legs  of  a  saw-horse,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  pre- 
vent the  leg  from  being  carried  too  far  backward  or 
forward  ;  and  to  guard  against  dislocations  sideways, 
strong  lateral  bands  are  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
joint.     Not  only  the  large,  but  the  small  bones  of 


1 6  The  Temperaments. 

the  body  likewise,  are  bound  together  in  this  way  as 
firmly  as  if  secured  by  clasps  of  steel. 

3.   The  Muscles. — The  muscles  are  simply  bundles 
of  red  flesh  growing  together,  and  more  compact  to- 
ward the  extremities,  by  which  they  are  attached  to 
the  bone,  and  terminating  in  white  tendons  or  cords. 
They  are,  par  excellence,  the  organs  of  motion.     It 
is  by  means  of  them  that  the  indwelling  mind,  tele- 
graphing its  mandates  through  the  appropriate  nerves, 
effects  any  desired  movement,  by  causing  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  fibers  of  which  they  are  composed,  thus 
drawing  the  parts  to  which  they  are  attached  toward 
each  other.     This  contractile  power  is  very  great — 
so  great,  in  fact,  that  it  may  even  destroy  the  cohe- 
sion of  the  parts,  or  tear  the  tendon  from  the  bone. 
There  are  twenty-seven  distinct  muscles  in  the  human 
body,  divided  into  two  classes — voluntary  and  invol- 
untary ;   the  former  acting  in  obedience  to  the  will, 
and  the  latter  independently  of  it.     Those  by  means 
of  which  we  move  the  limbs  belong  to  the  first  class, 
and  those  which  keep  the  heart  in  motion  and  carry 
on  the  vital  processes,  while  we  sleep  as  well  as  when 
we  are  awake,  to  the  second.     They  present  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  and  are  of  all  lengths,  from  a  fourth 
of  an  inch,  as  in  some  of  the  muscles  of  the  larynx, 
to  three  feet,  as  in  the  sartorius  or  tailor's  muscle, 
which  is  used  in  crossing  the  legs. 

The  muscular  system,  in  its  development  and  or- 
ganic condition,  is  more  under  control  than  ?ny  other 
part  of  the  body — a  circumstance  of  no  little  impor- 
tance in  connection  with  changes  of  temperament 
and  human  improvement. 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  '         I? 

II.— TiiE  Vital  or  Nutritive  System. 
The  vital  or  nutritive  system  consists  of  three 
classes  of  organs,  forming  a  complicated  apparatus 
of  tubes,  which  perform  the  functions  of  absorption, 
circulation,  and  secretion,  and,  incidentally,  of  purifi- 
cation. Their  principal  seat  is  the  trunk  of  the  body, 
and  they  exercise  a  minute  peristaltic  or  pulsating 
motion.  They  are  designated  as — 
i.  The  Lymphatics; 

2.  The  Blood-vessels ;  and 

3.  The  Glands. 

1.  The  Lymphatics. — These  are  small  transparent 
tubes  furnished  with  valves  at  short  intervals,  and 
connected  with  the  ganglia  or  glands  which  are  dis- 
tributed over  the  body,  but  are  most  numerous  on 
the  sides  of  the  neck,  the  arm-pits,  the  groins,  and 
the  mesenteric  folds  of  the  intestines.  Their  office 
is  to  absorb  nutriment  and  pass  it  into  the  circula- 
tion. They  convey  the  lymph  from  every  part  of 
the  system  to  the  descending  vena  cava,  where  it 
mixes  with  the  venous  blood  returning  to  the  heart. 
When,  through  disease  or  deficiency  of  food,  the 
supply  of  nutriment  from  the  ordinary  sources  is  in- 
adequate to  the  wants  of  the  system,  these  absorbents 
take  up  the  fat  which  has  been  deposited  in  the  cel- 
lular tissues,  to  be  reserved  for  a  time  of  need,  and 
empty  it  into  the  chyle  duct,  to  be  thrown  into  the 
circulation.  This  causes  the  falling  away  or  emacia- 
tion observed  in  the  sick  or  starving.  Even  the 
muscles  and  cellular  tissues  are  thus  appropriated,  in 
extreme  cases. 

These  organs,  when  they  open  into  the  intestines 


1 8  .  The  Temperaments, 

and  serve  to  convey  a  portion  of  the  nutriment  elab- 
orated by  the  stomach  through  the  thoracic  duct  to 
its  proper  destination,  are  called  lacteals. 

2.  The  Blood-Vessels. — The  circulation  of  the  blood 
is  effected  by  means  of  a  system  of  tubes,  consisting 
of  the  heart,  the  arteries,  and  the  veins.  The  center 
of  circulation  is  the  heart,  a  muscular  organ  situated 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  thoracic  cavity,  between  the 
two  folds  of  the  pleura,  which  form  the  central  par- 
tition of  the  chest.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  a  right 
and  a  left,  in  each  of  which  are  two  cavities,  an  au- 
ricle and  a  ventricle.  In  other  words,  it  forms  a 
double  force-pump,  most  ingeniously  constructed, 
with  well-fitted  valves,  which  always  act  perfectly, 
and  never  get  out  of  order  and  never  wear  out. 
These  pumps  send  the  bright  vitalized  blood  through 
the  arteries  to  every  part  of  the  system,  to  be  taken 
up  by  those  minuter  organs,  the  capillaries,  whose 
millions  of  fibers  permeate  everywhere,  and  furnish 
to  each  organ  and  part  just  the  supply  needed. 

To  bring  the  blood  back  to  the  heart  to  be  sent  to 
the  lungs  and  revitalized,  we  have  a  system  of  veins, 
which,  commencing  in  minute  capillaries,  like  little 
rills,  gradually  unite  and  enlarge  till  they  pour  their 
contents,  river-like,  through  two  large  tubes  (one 
ascending  and  the  other  descending),  into  the  right 
auricle  or  receptacle  of  the  heart.  A  muscular  con- 
traction sends  it  into  the  right  ventricle,  which,  con- 
tracting in  turn,  forces  it  into  the  pulmonary  artery, 
and  thence  into  the  lungs,  where  it  is  purified  and 
changed  by  contact  with  the  air,  and  becomes  again 
fitted  for  its  life-bestowing  mission. 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  1Q 

3.  The  Glands. — The  glands,  or  filters,  are  the  or- 
gans which  secrete  or  deposit  not  only  the  various 
substances  of  which  the  different  organs  are  com- 
posed, but  the  fat,  milk,  hair,  and  other  animal  prod- 
ucts. They  are  composed  of  two  sets  of  capillary 
vessels,  the  one  for  the  circulation  of  arterial  blood, 
and  the  other  for  secreting  their  proper  materials. 
The  lungs,  stomach,  intestines,  reproductive  organs, 
and  especially  the  liver,  are  mainly  glandular  in  struct- 
ure and  function,  and  so  far  are  included  in  this  sys- 
tem. 

"  The  lungs  are  two  conical  organs,  situated  one  on 
each  side  of  the  chest,  embracing  the  heart,  and  sep- 
arated from  each  other  by  a  membranous  partition, 
the  mediastinum.  On  the  external  or  thoracic  side 
they  are  convex,  and  correspond  with  the  form  of 
the  cavity  of  the  chest ;  internally  they  are  concave, 
to  receive  the  convexity  of  the  heart.  Superiorily 
they  terminate  in  a  tapering  cone,  which  extends 
above  the  level  of  the  first  rib,  and  inferiorily  they 
are  broad  and  concave,  and  rest  upon  the  convex 
surface  of  the  diaphragm.  Their  posterior  border  is 
round  and  broad,  the  anterior  sharp,  and  marked  by 
one  or  two  deep  fissures,  and  the  interior,  which  sur- 
rounds the  base,  is  also  sharp.  Each  lung  is  divided 
into  two  parts  by  a  long  and  deep  fissure,  which  ex- 
tends from  the  posterior  surface  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  organ,  downward  and  forward,  to  near  the  ante- 
rior angle  of  its  base.  The  right  lung  is  larger  than 
the  left,  in  consequence  of  the  inclination  of  the  heart 
to  the  left  side.  It  is  also  shorter,  from  the  great 
convexity  of  the  liver,  which  presses  the  diaphragm 


20  The  Temperaments. 

• 
upward  upon  the  right  side  of  the  chest,  consider- 
ably  above  the  level  of  the  left.     It  has  three  lobes. 
The  left  lung  is  smaller,  has  but  two  lobes,  but  is 
longer  than  the  right." 

The  lungs  present  to  the  view  a  spongy  mass,  made 
up  of  air-tubes,  air-cells,  and  blood-vessels,  all  bound 
together  by  a  cellular  tissue.  Of  the  air-cells  there 
are  many  millions  ;  and  the  internal  surface  presented 
by  the  combined  air-cells  and  air-tubes  is  probably 
more  than  ten  times  the  external  surface  of  the  body. 
Around  each  of  these  minute  cells  is  woven  a  net- 
work of  hair-like  tubes,  through  which  come  and  go 
the  venous  and  arterial  blood.  It  is  through  the 
coats  of  these  that  the  air  acts  upon  and  vitalizes  the 
blood,  giving  it  oxygen  and  receiving  carbonic  acid 
in  return. 

The  liver,  which  is  the  largest  gland  in  the  body 
(weighing  about  four  pounds),  extends  from  the  right 
to  the  left  hypochondrium,  and  is  situated  obliquely 
in  the  abdomen,  its  convex  surface  looking  upward 
and  forward,  and  its  concave  downward  and  back- 
ward. It  is  attached  by  strong  ligaments  to  the  dia- 
phragm and  other  adjacent  parts.  Its  office  is  to 
secrete  bile  from  the  blood,  which  is  poured  from  the 
gall-bladder  into  the  duodenum,  a  few  inches  below 
the  stomach. 

The  stomach  is  a  musculo-membranous  organ,  the 
office  of  which  is  to  convert  the  blood  into  chyme. 

The  intestines  or  bowels,  the  kidneys  (whose  office 
is  to  separate  the  urine  from  the  blood),  and  the 
spleen,  are  included  in  this  system. 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  21 

III.— The  Mex\tal  or  Nervous  System. 

The  mental  or  nervous  system  forms  the  medium 
of  communication  between  the  soul  and  the  external 
world,  and  is  the  instrument  through  which  thought 
and  emotion  culminate  in  action.  It  consists,  struct- 
urally, of  a  series  of  globules  bound  by  membranous 
investments  into  fibers  of  various  forms.  The  chief 
seat  of  this  system  is  the  head.  It  admits,  like  the 
other  systems,  of  a  division  of  three  orders  of  organs — ■ 

1.  Organs  of  Sense  ; 

2.  The  Cerebrum  ;  and 

3.  The  Cerebellum. 

1.  The  Organs  of.  Sense.  —  The  organs  through 
which  we  receive  impressions  from  external  objects 
— the  eye,  the  ear,  etc.  —  need  not  be  described. 
They  communicate  their  impressions  to  the  brain 
by  means  of  special  nerves.  They  all  seem  to  center 
in  the  base  of  the  brain. 

2.  The  Cerebrum. — The  human  brain,  speaking  of 
it  as  a  whole,  is  an  oval  mass  filling  and  fitting  the 
interior  of  the  skull,  and  consisting  of  two  substances 
— a  gray,  ash-colored,  or  cineritious  portion,  and  a 
white,  fibrous,  or  medullary  portion.  It  is  divided, 
both  in  form  and  in  function,  into  two  principal 
masses,  called  the  cerebrum  and  the  cerebellum. 
At  its  base  there  are  two  other  portions,  called  the 
annular  protuberance  and  the  medulla  oblongata. 

The  cerebrum  is  divided  longitudinally  by  the  falx, 
or  scythe-shaped  process,  into  two  equal  hemispheres, 
and  each  of  these,  in  its  under  surface,  into  three 
lobes.     But  the  most  remarkable  feature  in  the  struct- 


22 


The  Temperaments. 


ure  of  the  cerebral  globe  is  its  complicated  convolu 
tions,  the  furrows  between  which  dip  down  into  the 
brain  and  are  covered  by  the  pia  mater,  a  delicate  fibro- 
vascular  membrane,  which  lies  upon  the  immediate 
surface  of  the  brain  and  spinal  marrow,  bending  down 
into  all  their  furrows  or  other  depressions.  By  means 
of  these  foldings  the  surface  of  the  brain  is  greatly 
increased,  and  power  gained  with  the  utmost  econo- 
my of  space  ;  for  it  is  a  well-ascertained  fact,  that  in 
t     4  proportion  to  the  number  and  depth 

of  these  convolutions,  is  the  power 
of  the  brain.  "  The  mind's  revolv- 
ings,"  as  Wilkinson  beautifully  ex- 
presses it,  "  are  here  represented  in 
moving  spirals,  and  the  subtile  in- 
sinuations of  thought,  whose  path 
lies  through  all  things,  issues  with 
power  from  the  form  of  cerebral 
screws.  They  print  their  shape  and 
make  themselves  room  on  the  inside 
of  the  skull,  and  are  the  most  irre- 
sistible things  in  the  human  world." 
The  cerebrum  is  the  organ  of  per- 
ception, reflection,  and  all  the  other 
essentially  human  faculties  and  sen- 
timents. 

3.  The  Cerebellum. — The  cerebel- 
lum is  the  organ  in  which  lies  the 
nervous  center  of  the  procreative 
function,  and  it  is  related  intimately 
to  motive  impulse  and  physical  life 

Fig.  x.— Spinal  Cord  and  t.   w.        1      1   •      1  1    •  j«    j.    1 

Nerves.  It  lies  behind  and  immediately  un- 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  23 

derneath  the  cerebrum,  and  is  about  one-eighth  the 
size  of  the  latter  organ.  It  is  divided  into  lobes  and 
lobules  and  consists  of  a  gray  and  a  white  substance, 
like  the  cerebrum,  but  differently  disposed,  the  white 
substance  being  mainly  internal  in  the  latter  and  ex- 
ternal in  the  former;  furthermore,  the  cerebellum 
is  not  convoluted  like  the  cerebrum.  There  is  said 
to  be  no  direct  communication  between  the  lobes  of 
the  cerebrum  and  the  cerebellum. 

Extending  from  the  base  of  the  brain  to  the  atlas 
or  bony  pivot  on  which  the  head  rests,  is  the  medulla 
oblongata.  It  is  conical  in  shape,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  merely  the  head  or  beginning  of  the  spinal 
cord,  which  continues  it,  and  extends  the  brain,  as  it 
were,  down  the  vertebral  column ;  and,  by  means  of 
the  nerves  which  it  gives  off,  and  which  pass  through 
notches  between  the  vertebrae,  connects  it  with  every 
part  of  the  body. 

IV.— Outlines  of  Phrenology. 

As  we  shall  have  frequent  occasion,  in  the  follow- 
ing chapters,  to  make  use  of  phrenological  terms  and 
refer  to  the  organs  of  the  mental  faculties  in  the  brain, 
as  they  may  be  particularly  associated  with  a  given 
temperamental  condition  or  affected  thereby,  we  have 
deemed  it  advisable  to  insert  here  such  outlines  of 
the  science  as  will  at  least  enable  the  reader  pre- 
viously ignorant  of  it  (if  such  readers  there  be,  at  this 
late  day)  to  understand  our  allusions.  We  copy,  as 
adapted  to  our  purpose,  and  as  suitable  as  any  sketch 
we  could  now  prepare,  the  following  sections  from 


24  The   Temperaments. 

Chapter  VII.  of  "  New  Physiognomy."  No  highet 
authority  on  this  subject  than  that  of  the  lamented 
Mr.  Wells  need  be  or  could  be  cited. 

1.  Phrenology  Defined. —  Phrenology  is  a  science  and 
an  art.  It  is  the  science  of  the  existence,  organization, 
and  mode  of  action  of  the  mind  as  embodied,  and  as 
related  through  the  body  to  whatever  else  exists. 

The  term  "  Phrenology"  means,  strictly,  Science  of 
the  Brain.  This  term,  in  itself,  relates  only  to  the 
immediate  material  organ  and  instrument  of  the  mind. 
It  is,  however,  proper  enough ;  for  it  is  the  special 
characteristic  of  Phrenplogy  to  take  the  brain  into 
the  account — to  take  the  common-sense  and  practical 
view  which  looks  at  the  mind,  not  as  it  ought  to  be, 
nor  as  it  may  be  claimed  that  it  must  be,  but  as  it  is. 
Mind  must  (to  us  who  are  in  the  flesh)  act  through  a 
material  instrument.  Other  mental  philosophers  have 
not  sufficiently  considered  this,  nor  the  necessary 
limitations  which  such  an  instrument  imposes  upon 
mental  action,  nor  the  indications  derivable  from  such 
an  instrument  about  mental  action.  As  these  limita- 
tions and  indications  are  of  the  utmost  importance, 
and  as  their  introduction  with  their  right  dignity 
into  mental  science  totally  revolutionizes  it,  and  makes 
it  for  the  first  time  worthy  the  name  of  a  science,  it  is 
eminently  proper  that  they  should  characterize  the 
name  of  the  science  in  its  new  shape. 

2.  Phrenology  as  an  Art. — Every  science  has  its  cor- 
responding art.  The  principles  of  science,  when  modi- 
fied into  application  to  the  practical  demands  of  life, 
become  the  rules  of  their  corresponding  art. 

Phrenology,  as  an  art,  consists  in  judging  from  the 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions.  25 

ncad  itself,  and  from  the  body  in  connection  with  the 
head,  what  are  the  natural  tendencies  and  capabilities 
of  the  individual.  The  practical  uses  of  this  art  are 
many.  They  consist  in  applying  to  the  practical  needs 
of  life  the  principles  of  phrenological  science.  For 
instance,  it  is  a  principle  of  Phrenology  that,  all  other 
conditions  being  the  same,  the  largest  brain  is  the  best. 
In  selecting  an  apprentice,  a  clerk,  therefore,  or  a 
lawyer,  or  a  helper,  or  counselor  of  any  kind,  he 
who  practices  the  art  of  Phrenology  would  choose, 
out  of  any  two  or  more,  him  with  the  largest  head, 
provided  other  conditions,  such  as  quality,  shape,  etc., 
were  equal.  Mistakes  would  sometimes  occur  in  ap- 
plying this  rule,  but  in  the  long  run  it  would  be  found 
far  more  correct  than  any  other  known  means. 

Again,  it  is  the  principle  of  Phrenology  that  there 
are  separate  mental  faculties.  It  is  another,  that  these 
faculties  may  be  dealt  with,  trained,  or  neglected, 
separately.  It  is  another,  that  where  faculties  are 
defective  or  feeble,  their  defect  or  weakness  can  usually 
be  made  up  for  by  the  employment  of  some  other 
faculty  or  faculties.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  these  prin- 
ciples, reduced  to  rules,  would  form  a  very  important 
part  of  a  system  of  education,  particularly  of  self- 
education  ;  for  evidently  an  intelligent  person,  trying 
one  combination  of  faculties  after  another,  will  be 
able  ultimately  to  exercise  himself  in  exactly  such 
habits  of  thinking  and  feeling  as  will  best  make  up 
for  the  points  in  which  he  is  wanting.  If,  for  instance, 
he  knows  that  he  is  deficient  in  Cautiousness,  he  can 
cultivate  habits  of  forethought,  reflection,  recollection, 
and  observation.  This  procedure  will  use  Causality, 
2 


t6  The  Temperaments. 

Comparison,  Eventuality,  and  Individuality  to  do  the 
work  of  Cautiousness,  and  will,  at  the  same  time,  tend 
to  stimulate  and  strengthen  the  faculty  of  Cautious- 
ness as  a  separate  instinct. 

3.  The  Basis  of  Phrenology. — The  science  of  Phre- 
nology is  based  upon  observation.  Its  principles  are 
simply  the  recital  of  truths  which  lie  open  before 
every  man's  eye.  It  is  therefore  as  capable  of  dem- 
onstration as  chemistry  or  natural  philosophy.  In 
this  it  differs  entirely  from  all  previous  systems  of 
mental  science.  These  have  been  based  upon  a  priori 
assumptions  (that  is,  things  taken  for  granted)  to  be- 
gin with.  Having  thus  the  radical  imperfections  of 
mere  human  conception  in  their  very  rudiments  and 
seeds,  they  have  been  muddled,  visionary,  unpractical, 
sophistical,  unprogressive,  and  useless,  even  almost  as 
much  as  the  verbal  scholastic  philosophies  of  the 
Middle  Ages. 

4.  First  Principles. — Phrenology  does  not  now  claim 
to  be  an  entirely  completed  science.  As  far  as  it  has 
now  advanced  it  consists  as  a  science  of  two  parts,  viz. : 

(1).  A  system  of  physiological  facts  and  their  cor- 
responding mental  phenomena. 

(2).  A  system  of  mental  philosophy  deduced  from 
these  facts  and  phenomena,  and  from  other  facts  and 
phenomena  related  to  them. 

The  chief  principles  of  the  basis  or  fundamental  or 
physiological  part  of  the  science  of  Phrenology  may 
be  stated  thus : 

(1).  The  brain  is  the  special  organ  of  the  mind. 
The  essence  and  mode  of  operation  of  the  mind  itself 
are  inscrutable ;  we  can  only  study  its  manifestations 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions,  27 

(2).  The  mind,  though  essentially  a  unit,  is  made  up 
of  about  forty  different  faculties,  each  of  which  is 
manifested  by  means  of  a  particular  part  of  the  brain, 
set  apart  exclusively  for  it  and  called  its  organ.  The 
faculties  may  be  possessed  in  different  degrees  by  the 
same  person,  and  so  may  the  same  faculty  by  different 
persons. 

(3).  When  other  conditions  are  the  same,  the  larger 
.he  brain  the  stronger  it  is ;  and  the  larger  the  portion 
af  brain  occupied  for  the  manifestation  of  a  faculty, 
the  stronger  its  manifestation. 

(4).  Those  portions  of  brain  used  for  faculties  re- 
lated to  each  other  are  located  together.  Thus  the 
brain  is  divided  into  regions  or  groups,  as  well  as  into 
organs.  The  location  and  boundaries  of  these  organs 
and  regions  may  be  best  learned  from  the  Phrenolog- 
ical Bust,  and  the  accompanying  diagram  (fig.  2). 

(5).  Each  group  has  its  collective  function.  The 
propelling  faculties  give  force  in  all  actions ;  the  social 
adapt  us  to  our  fellows ;  the  selfish  lead  us  to  take  care 
of  ourselves ;  the  intellectual  enable  us  to  understand 
men  and  things,  whatever  is  to  be  known,  and  the 
means  of  dealing  with  them ;  and  the  moral  and  re- 
ligious are  meant  to  control  all  the  rest  by  subjecting 
them  to  the  tribunals  of  kindness,  justice,  and  of  the 
Divine  Law. 

(6).  The  original  normal  conditions  which  deter- 
mine the  excellence  and  efficiency  of  the  mind  as 
operative  through  the  brain  are : 

1.  Quantity  of  brain. 

2.  Quality  of  fiber  of  brain. 

3.  Relative  size  of  parts  of  brain. 

4.  Influence  of  body  upon  brain. 


28 


The  Temperaments. 


(7).  Each  faculty  is  susceptible  of  improvement  or 
deterioration,  and  may  be  strengthened,  perverted, 
neglected,  or  weakened. 

(8).  Each  faculty  is  in  itself  good,  and  was  given 


LOCATION  OF  THE   ORGANS. 


1.  Amativeness. 
A.  Conjugal  Love. 

2.  Parental  Love. 

3.  Friendship. 

4.  Inhabitiveness. 

5.  Continuity. 
E.  Vitativkness. 

6.  combativeness. 

7.  Destructiveness. 

8.  Alimentiveness. 

9.  Acquisitiveness. 

10.  Secretivene8s. 

11.  Cautiousness. 

12.  Approbativeness. 


13.  SELP-E8TEEM. 

14.  Firmness. 

15.  Conscientiousness. 

16.  Hope. 

17.  Spirituality. 

18.  Veneration. 

19.  Benevolence. 

20.  Conptructiveness. 

21.  Ideality. 
B.  Sublimity. 

22.  Imitation. 

23.  Mirth. 

24.  Individuality. 

25.  Form. 


26.  Size. 

27.  Weight. 
2S.  Color. 

29.  Order. 

30.  Calculation. 

31.  Locality. 

32.  Eventuality. 
83.  Time. 

34.  Tune. 
85.  Language. 
36.  Causality. 
8?.  Comparison. 
C  Human  Nature. 
D.  Sauvity. 


by  the  Creator  for  good.  The  improvement  of  man, 
therefore,  does  not  imply  the  extinction,  or  distortion, 
or  stunting  of  any  faculty,  nor  the  creation  of  new 
ones,  but  the  culture  needed  by  each,  the  harmoniz- 


The  Human  Body  and  its  Functions,  29 

ing  of  all,  and  their  pleasant  action  separately  or  to- 
gether, in  due  subordination,  and  with  the  right 
degree  of  activity. 

In  addition  to  these  diagrams,  the  student  of  Phre- 
nology should  have  at  hand  a  PHRENOLOGICAL  BUST, 
somewhere  near  the  size  of  life,  showing  the  exact 
location  of  each  organ  r*"1  uy  comparing  living 
heads  one  with  another,  the  differences  would  appear 
most  palpable.  Extend  your  observations,  and  com- 
pare the  well-known  characters  of  those'  having  long 
and  narrow  heads  with  those  of  persons  who  have 
short  and  broad  heads ;  or  compare  the  high  heads 
with  the  low,  and  however  skeptical  you  may  be,  you 
will  be  compelled  to  accept  the  general  principles  of 
Phrenology. 


II. 

A  GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 

WHEN  we  compare  man  with  the  lower  animals,  we 
observe  certain  characteristic  features  which  do  not 
permit  us,  for  a  moment,  to  confound  him  with  even 
the  most  elevated  of  them.  Comparing  man  with 
man,  while  we  recognize  specific  traits  common  to  all 
individuals  of  the  race,  we  also  note  no  less  obvious 
differences.  One  is  tall  and  muscular ;  another,  short 
and  plump  ;  a  third,  small  and  slender.  This  dainty 
brown-haired  girl  is  delicately  fair,  we  say — the  rose 
and  the  lily  softly  blend  on  her  cheek ;  that  boy  is 
as  ruddy  as  a  Spitzenberg  apple ;  yonder  man  is 
swarthy  and  has  black  eyes,  while  those  of  the  girl  are 
gray  and  the  boy's  blue.  We  also  observe  that  the 
functions  of  life  are  not  performed  in  all  with  the 
same  degree  of  force  or  "rapidity,  and  that  their  likes 
and  dislikes  have  neither  the  same  direction  nor  the 
same  intensity.  These  differences,  with  others  which 
need  not  be  here  specified,  are  the  results  and  the 
indications  of  what  is  called  Temperament — the  cor- 
poris habitus  of  the  ancients — which  may  be  briefly 
defined  as  "  a  particular  state  of  the  constitution  de- 
pending upon  the  relative  proportion  of  its  different 
masses  and  the  relative  energy  of  its  different  func- 
tions." 

We  have  shown  in  the  preceding  chapter  that  the 
(30) 


A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments.         31 

body  is  made  up  of  certain  grand  systems  of  organs  with 
their  various  subdivisions.  First,  we  have  the  bony 
framework,  bound  together  by  ligaments,  and  over- 
laid with  bundles  of  muscular  fibers,  by  means  of  which, 
its  parts  are  moved  and  locomotion  produced — the 
whole  constituting  the  Motive  or  Mechanical  System  ; 
second,  the  Vital  or  Nutritive  System,  whose  principal 
masses  lie  in  the  chest  and  abdomen,  and  consist  of 
lymphatics,  blood-vessels,  and  glands,  performing 
such  functions  as  digestion,  secretion,  circulation, 
and  depuration  ;  and,  third,  the  Mental  or  Nervous 
System,  having  its  principal  seat  in  the  cranium,  but 
extending  itself,  in  minute  ramifications,  through 
every  part  of  the  body,  and  furnishing  the  mediums 
of  sensation  and  volition. 

It  is  by  the  combination  of  these  constitutional 
elements,  in  various  proportions,  that  the  body  is 
tempered — the  predominating  element  determining 
the  temper •,  or  Temperament,  and  the  others  the  in- 
numerable modifications  it  may  present. 

It  must  be  evident  from  this  view  of  the  nature  of 
the  various  states  of  the  constitution,  that  in  their 
ultimate  analysis,  the  Temperaments  must  be  as  nu- 
merous as  the  individuals  of  the  human  race — no  two 
persons,  probably,  having  precisely  the  same  physical 
organization — that  is,  the  same  proportion  of  each  ele- 
mental ingredient  of  the  compound  structure  in 
which  each  lives,  moves,  and  has  a  being. 

It  is  essential  for  practical  purposes,  therefore,  to 
reduce  these  numberless  individual  peculiarities  to 
their  simplest  elements,  and  adopt  some  classification 
under  which  we  can  group  together  such  persons  as 


32  The  Temperaments. 

resemble  each  other  in  certain  particulars,  or  whc 
have  a  similar  organization.  To  this  end,  writers  on 
the  subject  have  generally  considered  the  Tempera- 
ments under  from  three  to  five  general  heads,  each, 
of  course,  susceptible  of  subdivision. 

Temperament,  as  we  have  said,  is  a  constitutional 
condition  produced  by  the  mixing  in  various  propor- 
tions of  certain  physical  elements.  A  particular  Tem- 
perament is  the  result  of  the  preponderance  of  one 
of  these  elements  over  all  the  others,  all  the  elements 
existing  in  each  case.  In  theory  we  may  suppose  all 
of  them  represented  in  exactly  equal  proportions. 
The  ancients,  assuming  the  possibility  of  such  cases, 
were  accustomed  to  speak  of  the  Temperamentum 
Temperatum — the  Temperate,  Harmonious,  or  Bal- 
anced Temperament.  We  are  hardly  able  to  conceive, 
however,  in  the  human  species,  a  single  instance  in 
which  there  is  a  perfect  equilibrium  in  all  its  parts ; 
at  the  same  time,  as  we  do  find,  in  rare  instances,  per- 
sons in  whom  the  different  systems  of  organs  are  so 
nearly  equal  in  development,  that  it  is  difficult  to  de- 
termine which  predominates,  and,  therefore,  some- 
times speak  of  them  as  having  a  Balanced  Tempera- 
ment— the  best  Temperament  of  all,  for  the  general 
purposes  of  existence — and  one  that  will  become  more 
and  more  common  as  the  race  progresses  in  knowledge 
of  its  own  organization  and  in  the  practical  applica- 
tion of  the  laws  of  life. 

I.— The  Causes  of  Temperamental  Conditions. 

We  are  accustomed  to  speak  of  Temperament  as 
a  cause  rather  than  an  effect — a  cause  of  various  men- 


A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments,         33 

tal  characteristics  with  which  its  diverse  indications 
are  found  associated ;  and,  in  a  certain  sense,  this  is  a 
correct  expression  of  a  fact,  the  conditions  of  the  body- 
largely  affecting  the  manifestations  of  the  mind  ;  but, 
primarily,  the  constitutional  peculiarities  of  the  phys-  1 
ical  system  are  the  effects  of  pre-existing  mental  traits,  j 
either  in  the  subject  or  his  progenitors,  and  become 
causes  affecting  character,  only  as  they  react  upon  it. 

Everywhere  it  is  the  indwelling  life  which  deter- 
mines the  organization  and  external  forms  of  things. 
In  the  seed-germ  lies  hidden  the  living  principle  which 
settles  beyond  the  possibility  of  change  the  specific 
character  of  the  future  plant,  and  even  to  some  ex- 
tent its  less  permanent  traits,  such  as  size,  vigor,  and 
fruitfulness.  In  the  same  way  the  impregnated  ani- 
mal ovum  infolds  the  unborn  organism.  Knowing 
its  parentage,  we  predict  with  certainty  in  advance 
its  racial  characteristics,  and  with  some  confidence 
its  individual  peculiarities.  The  first  direction  has 
already  been  given  to  the  vital  forces,  creating  a  tend- 
ency to  a  certain  mental  and  physical  constitution — 
the  latter  as  a  consequence  of  the  former  —and  what- 
ever influences  may  thereafter,  either  before  or  after 
birth,  be  brought  to  bear  upon  it,  this  original  tend- 
ency must  always  remain  a  potent  element  in  the 
combination. 

The  brain  takes  its  form  and  quality  from  the  in- 
telligence which  creates  and  makes  use  of  it,  and  the 
body  is  modeled  after  the  pattern  set  by  the  brain ; 
so  that  Temperament  is  primarily  a  result  and  not  a 
cause  of  character.  The  bodily  habit  is  the  outgrowth 
of  a  spiritual  condition. 


34  The  Temperaments, 

As  in  speaking  of  the  different  Temperaments,  in 
detail,  we  shall  have  occasion  to  show  what  particular 
causes  tend  to  create  and  develop  each,  it  is  not  neces- 
sary here  to  go  beyond  these  general  statements ;  but 
we  must  beg  the  reader  to  observe  that  while  we 
wish  to  impress  upon  the  mind  the  fact  that  the  tem- 
peramental conditions  of  the  body  are  the  results  of 
pre-existing  mental  characteristics  and  states,  we  by 
no  means  undervalue  the  reactive  influence  of  Tem- 
perament upon  mental  characteristics  and  states. 
Having  to  deal  mainly  with  temperamental  conditions 
as  we  find  them  already  constituted  and  established, 
this  last  view  of  the  matter  becomes,  in  practice,  a 
very  important  one. 

II. — The  Ancient  Doctrine  of  the  Temper- 
aments. 

The  ancients  did  not  fail  to  observe  those  differ- 
ences of  bodily  organization  and  functional  action, 
with  their  accompanying  mental  peculiarities,  which 
we  have  noted  as  distinguishing  the  individuals  of  the 
human  race,  one  from  another ;  and  four  Temper- 
aments, founded  on  certain  constitutional  conditions, 
were  recognized  and  described  by  Hippocrates,  "  the 
father  of  medicine."  These  Temperaments,  accord- 
ing to  his  theory,  depended  upon  what  were  then 
known  as  the  four  primary  components  of  the  human 
body — the  blood,  the  phlegm,  the  yellow  bile,  and  the 
black  bile.  The  preponderance  of  one  or  the  other 
of  these  components  in  a  person  produces  his  peculiar 
constitution  or  Temperament.  Persons  in  whom  the 
blood  predominates,  he  says,  have  the  Sanguine  Tern- 


A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments.         3$ 

perament ;  if  phlegm  be  in  excess,  the  Phlegmatic 
Temperament;  if  yellow  bile  be  most  fully  developed, 
the  Choleric  Temperament  is  produced ;  and  if  black 
bile  be  most  abundant,  the  Melancholic  Temperament. 
Paulus  iEgineta,  an  ancient  physician,  adopting  the 
theory  and  following  the  classification  of  Hippocrates, 
describes  these  Temperaments  as  follows : 

1.  The  Sanguine  Temperament. — The  Sanguine  or 
Hot  and  Moist  Temperament  is  more  fleshy  than  is 
proper,  hairy  and  hot  to  the  touch.  Persons  having 
this  Temperament  in  excess  are  liable  to  putrid 
disorders. 

2.  The  Phlegmatic  Temperament. — The  Phlegmatic 
or  Cold  and  Moist  Temperament  is  gross,  fat,  and  lax. 
The  skin  is  soft  and  white ;  the  hair  tawny  and  not 
abundant;  the  limbs  and  muscles  weak;  the  veins 
invisible;  the  character  timid,  spiritless,  and  inactive. 

3.  The  Choleric  Temperament, — The  Cnoleric  or 
Warm  and  Dry  Temperament  is  known  by  abundant 
dark  hair;  large  and  prominent  veins  and  arteries; 
dark  skin ;  and  a  well-articulated  muscular  body. 

4;  The  Melancholic  Temperament. — The  Melancholic 
or  Cold  and  Dry  Temperament  is  known  by  hard, 
slender,  and  white  bodies ;  small  muscles  and  joints ; 
and  little  hair.  In  disposition,  persons  of  this  Tem- 
perament are  timid,  spiritless,  and  desponding. 

The  ancients  discovered  or  fancied  certain  corre- 
spondences between  the  Temperaments  and  the  va- 
rious ages,  passions,  degrees  of  temperature,  climatic 
conditions,  and  so  on.     Thus : 

1.  The  Phlegmatic  corresponds  with  infancy,  tim- 
idity, spring  and  a  temperate  climate  ; 


36  The  Temperaments. 

2.  The  Sanguine,  with  youth,  emulation,  summer 
and  a  warm  climate  ; 

3.  The  Choleric  with  manhood,  ambition,  autumn 
and  a  hot  climate  ; 

4.  The  Melancholic,  with  age,  moroseness,  winter 
and  a  cold  climate. 


III. — Modifications  of  the  Ancient  Doctrine. 

The  doctrines  of  Hippocrates  and  the  ancient  phy- 
sicians were  often  discussed,  but  never  greatly  modi- 
fied, until  the  advances  made  in  physiology  and 
humoral  pathology  in  comparatively  recent  times  ren- 
dered their  defects  too  obvious  to  be  longer  overlooked ; 
and  even  then,  the  same  classification  and  nomencla- 
ture were  generally  adhered  to.  Stahl  first  adapted 
them  to  the  modern  views  of  physiology  and  pathol- 
ogy. At  a  later  day,  Dr.  Gregory,  to  the  four  Tem- 
peraments of  the  ancients,  added  a  fifth,  which  he 
called  the  Nervous  Temperament,  while  Cullen  re- 
duced them  to  two — the  Sanguine  and  the  Melan- 
cholic. 

Richerand,  who  devotes  considerable  space  in  his 
"  Elemensde  Physiologie  "  to  the  Temperaments,  writes 
on  the  subject  with  much  good  sense  and  clearness. 
He  considers  the  melancholic  or  Atrabilious  Temper- 
ament of  the  ancients  as  a  diseased  and  abnormal 
rather  than  a  natural  state  of  the  constitution,  and  the 
Nervous  Temperament  of  Dr.  Gregory  as  equally  so. 

The  ancients  (and  the  same  remark  will  apply  to 
the  greater  number  of  modern  writers  on  the  subject) 
were  accustomed  to  look  upon  the  Temperaments  from 


A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments.         37 

I  merely  physiological  or  rather  a  pathological  stand- 
point, and  little,  comparatively,  was  said  or  known  of 
the  reciprocal  influences  of  physical  and  mental  qual- 
ities and  states.     The  Sanguine  Temperament — the) 
happiest  of  all — however,  was  believed  to  give  cheerJ 
fulness  and  careless  good  humor ;  the  Phlegmatic,  to  j 
Incline  its  subjects  to  laziness,  sleepiness,, and  torpidity;  I 
the  Choleric,  to  dispose  men  to  be  precipitate  and  im-  \ 
petuous,  prone  to  anger,  impatience,  temerity,  and  \ 
quarrels;    and  the  Melancholic,  to  induce  timidity,/ 
suspiciousness,  inordinate    anxiety,  and   tardiness  in/ 
action.    "  Melancholic  men,'-'  Hoffmann  says,  "  should 
be  counselors ;  choleric  persons,  generals,  ambassadors, 
and  orators ;  and    sanguinous  people,  courtiers ;  but 
men  who  have  the  misfortune  to  be  phlegmatic  must 
be  condemned  to  the  lowest  employments,  being  fit 
only  for  common  laborers  or  soldiers." 


IV. — The  Brain  as  a  Temperamental  Element. 

It  will  be  observed  that,  so  far,  no  account  is  taken 
of  the  brain  as  an  element'  entering  into  the  process 
of  tempering  the  constitution,  nor  is  the  nervous  sys- 
tem apparently  considered,  except  by  Dr.  Gregory  in 
his  questionable  addition  to  the  list  of  Temperaments/ 
The  writers  quoted  and  referred  to  in  the  preceding 
sections,  even  so  far  back  as  Hippocrates,  knew  all 
that  was  necessary  to  know,  in  a  merely  physiological 
point  of  view,  of  the  lungs,  the  liver,  the  heart,  and 
the  stomach,  and  attributed  to  them  their  proper 
functions.  They  were  acquainted,  also,  with  the  re- 
ciprocal action  of  these  organs,  and  recognized  the  fact 


38  The  Temperaments. 

that  upon  the  proper  balance  of  their  forces  depends 
the  health  of  the  body ;  but  the  brain  was  an  unex- 
plored region — an  anatomical  terra  incognita.  Dr.  Gall, 
"  the  Columbus  of  the  mental  world,"  added  its  broad 
fields  to  the  domains  of  general  knowledge  and  made 
\t  obvious  enough  that  it  must  be  an  important  factor 
in  any  problem  involving  temperamental  conditions. 
The  attention  of  Dr.  Gall  and  his  co-worker,  Dr. 
Spurzheim,  however,  was  too  closely  confined  to  the 
brain  itself,  in  its  relations  with  mental  manifestations, 
to  permit  them  to  add  much  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Temperaments.  The  latter  seems  to  have  adopted 
the  modification  of  the  ancient  system  proposed  by 
Dr.  Gregory,  so  far  as  the  Nervous  Temperament  is 
concerned.  He  briefly  describes  four  Temperaments, 
as  follows : 

V.— Dr.  Spurzheim's  Description  of  the  Tem- 
peraments. 

i.  The  Lymphatic  Temperament. — The  Lymphatic 
or  Phlegmatic  Temperament  is  indicated  by  a  pale 
white  skin,  fair  hair,  roundness  of  form,  and  repletion 
of  the  cellular  tissue.  The  flesh  is  soft,  the  vital  actions 
are  languid,  the  pulse  is  feeble ;  all  indicate  slowness 
and  weakness  in  the  vegetative,  affective,  and  intel- 
lectual functions. 

2.  The  Sanguine  Temperament.  —  The  Sanguine 
Temperament  is  proclaimed  by  a  tolerable  consistency 
of  flesh,  moderate  plumpness  of  parts,  light  or  chest- 
nut hair,  blue  eyes,  great  activity  of  the  arterial  sys- 
tem, a  strong,  full,  and  frequent  pulse,  and  an  animated 
countenance.     Persons  thus  constituted  are  easily  af- 


A  General  View  of  the  Temperaments.        39 

fected  by  external  impressions,  and  possess  greater 
energy  than  those  of  the  former  temperament. 

3.  The  Bilious  Temperament. — The  Bilious  Temper- 
ament is  characterized  by  black  hair,  a  dark,  yellowish, 
or  brown  skin,  black  eyes ;  moderately  full,  but  firm 
muscles,  and  harshly-expressed  forms.  Those  en- 
dowed with  this  constitution  have  a  strongly-marked 
and  decided  expression  of  countenance ;  they  mani- 
fest great  general  activity  and  functional  energy. 

4.  The  Nervous  Temperament. — The  external  signs 
of  the  Nervous  Temperament  are  fine  thin  hair,  deli- 
cate health,  general  emaciation,  and  smallness  of  the 
muscles,  rapidity  in  the  muscular  actions,  vivacity  in 
the  sensations.  The  nervous  system  of  individuals  so 
constituted  preponderates  extremely  and  they  exhibit 
great  nervous  sensibility. 

This  and  similar  modifications  of  the  ancient  system 
are  still  received  by  medical  and  physiological  writers 
generally. 

VI.— Normal  Temperamental  Conditions. 

It  remained  for  the  later  Phrenologists  to  eliminate 
from  the  old  systems  all  the  abnormal  conditions  and 
place  the  doctrine  of  the  Temperaments  on  a  strictly 
anatomical  and  physiological  basis.  Adopting  the 
simple  classification  of  the  bodily  organs  set  forth  in 
our  first  chapter,  including  them  all  under  the  three 
heads  of— 

1.  The  Motive  or  Mechanical  System; 

2.  The  Vital  or  Nutritive  System  ;  and 

3.  The  Mental  or  Nervous  System ; — 

and  considering  simply  the  healthful  and  normal  ac- 


40  The  Temperaments. 

tion  of  these  diverse  orders  of  organs,  as  they  affect 
character  and  are  affected  by  it,  they  found  in  each 
the  basis  for  a  Temperament,  the  three  including, 
in  their  various  combinations,  all  possible  constitu- 
tional conditions.  Adopting  the  nomenclature  of 
anatomy  rather  than  that  of  pathology,  they  called 
them — 

1.  The  Motive  Temperament; 

2.  The  Vital  Temperament ;  and 

3.  The  Mental  Temperament. 

"  Each  of  these  temperaments  is  determined  by  the 
predominance  of  the  class  of  organs  from  which  it 
takes  its  name.  The  first  is  marked  by  a  superior  de- 
velopment of  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems,  form- 
ing the  locomotive  apparatus ;  in  the  second  the  vital 
organs,  the  principal  seat  of  which  is  in  the  trunk, 
give  the  tone  to  the  organization ;  while  in  the  third 
the  brain  and  nervous  system  exert  the  controlling 
power." 

As  we  purpose  to  make  this  simple  and  comprehen- 
sive system  the  principal  basis  of  our  practical  teach- 
ings in  this  work,  availing  ourself,  as  occasion  requires, 
however,  of  the  advantages  of  what  may  be  called  the 
pathological  system  of  previous  writers,  we  shall  re- 
serve for  separate  chapters  full  expositions  of  both. 
Our  object  here  has  been  simply  to  prepare  the  reader, 
by  a  general  view,  for  the  better  comprehension  of 
the  details  which  are  to  follow. 


III. 

THE  PATHOLOGICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  TEMPERA- 
MENTS. 

With  very  few  exceptions,  writers  on  the  Temper- 
aments, from  Hippocrates  to  Thomas,  have  been  phy- 
sicians. In  the  study  and  practice  of  their  profession, 
these  gentlemen  are  accustomed  to  have  their  atten- 
tion constantly  directed  to  the  various  diseases  and 
abnormal  conditions  of  the  constitution,  and  it  is  not 
strange  that  they  have  taken  account  of  these  con- 
ditions, as  well  as  of  its  healthful  and  normal  states, 
in  their  classifications,  or  that  they  have  adopted,  in 
their  nomenclature,  the  terms  of  pathology  rather 
than  those  of  physiology  and  anatomy ;  nor  are  we 
disposed  to  quarrel  with  them  or  to  depreciate  their 
labors  on  this  account.  Their  system  has  a  solid 
foundation  and  a  real  value.  The  stomach,  the  lungs, 
the  liver,  and  the  brain  furnish  four  distinct  constitu- 
tional influences,  either  of  which  predominating,  gives 
its  peculiar  conformation  and  complexion  to  the  body, 
and  its  specific  tone  to  the  mind. 

The  Temperaments  thus  formed  may  all  represent 
perfectly  normal  bodily  conditions,  but  two  of  them 
— the  Lymphatic  and  the  Nervous — as  generally  de- 
scribed, are  evidently  the  results  of  abnormal  or  dis- 
eased action.  We  accept  them  as  such.  They  are 
not  any  the  less  real  from  being  aberrant  or  unnatural. 
Such  states  of  the  constitution  are  far  too  common  to 

(4i) 


42  The  Temperaments. 

be  ignored,  and  whether  we  call  them  Temperaments 
or  give  them  other  names,  it  is  necessary  to  take  them 
into  account,  not  only  in  treating  disease,  but  in  esti- 
mating character,  educating  children,  or  choosing  a 
profession  or  a  companion. 

There  need  be  no  conflict  between  this  system  and 
the  simpler  and  more  natural  one  to  which  we  have 
given  preference  in  this  work.  All  that  is  necessary 
in  applying  the  two  conjointly,  is  to  bear  in  mind  the 
distinction  between  the  normal  and  the  abnormal  ac- 
tivities of  the  organs  Of  the  body  and  the  brain. 

We  adopt,  then,  in  this  chapter,  the  classification 
and  nomenclature  now  most  generally  accepted  and 
made  use  of  by  medico-physiological  writers,  and  de- 
scribe in  detail  the  four  Temperaments  known  as — 

1.  The  Lymphatic  Temperament; 

2.  The  Sanguine  Temperament ; 

3.  The  Bilious  Temperament ;  and 

4.  The  Nervous  Temperament. 

I.— The  Lymphatic  Temperament  (Fig.  3). 

This  is  essentially  the  Phlegmatic  Temperament 
of  the  ancients,  and  is  based,  as  its  name  indicates, 
upon  the  predominance  of  the  lymphatic  system,  the 
office  of  which  is  to  convey  the  lymph  from  all  parts 
of  the  body  toward  the  heart.  The  undue  prepon- 
derance of  these  organs,  and  of  the  stomach  and  the 
glandular  system,  with  which  they  are  in  close  rela- 
tion, leads  to  an  excessive  secretion  of  the  watery 
fluids  of  the  body,  resulting  in  repletion,  a  sluggish 
circulation,  and  a  general  clogging  of  the  vital  machin- 


LOUIS  XYIII. 


JACK   HENDERSON.  HON.  WM.  MAULE  PANMURE,  M.  P. 

FIG.  3.— THE  LYMPHATIC  TEMPERAMENT. 

There  is  great  difficulty  in  securing  portraits  representing  this  Temperament,  but 
the  above  shows  its  general  tendency. 

PLATE  I. 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.    43 

ery.  The  muscles,  burdened  with  a  useless  load,  act 
with  difficulty  and  lack  promptness  in  their  move- 
ments ;  the  heart  beats  slowly ;  and  the  brain,  receiv- 
ing tardily  an  inadequate  supply  of  vitalized  blood, 
partakes  of  the  sluggishness  of  the  general  system. 

I.  Causes. — During  the  first  months  of  life,  the 
function  of  nutrition  takes  precedence  of  all  others. 
In  infancy,  therefore,  those  organs  on  which  nutri- 
tion specially  depends — the  stomach  and  the  other 
glandular  organs  closely  connected  therewith,  and 
the  lymphatics — naturally  exercise  a  predominating 
influence.  There  is  manifested,  *at  this  period,  in 
many  cases,  an  inherited  predisposition  to  an  excess- 
ive development  of  the  lymphatic  system,  which,  if 
not  counteracted,  necessarily  results  in  abnormal  con- 
ditions of  the  constitution,  most  unfavorable  to 
health  and  mental  power.  It  is  exceedingly  impor- 
tant, therefore,  that  the  causes  which  are  calculated 
to  aggravate  this  tendency  should  be  known,  in  order 
that  they  may  be  avoided  and  the  necessary  counter- 
acting influences  be  brought  to  bear,  while  the  sub- 
ject is  still  plastic  and  easily  affected  by  them. 

The  causes  most  influential  in  producing  that  ab- 
normal constitutional  condition  known  as  the  Lym- 
phatic Temperament  are  such  as  affect  the  subject 
not  only  directly  in  his  own  person,  but  pre-natally, 
through  its  progenitors.  They  are  both  physical  and 
mental.     Among  the  former  are  : 

(1).  Living  in  low,  moist,  or  marshy  districts  per- 
vaded by  malaria.  Holland,  Belgium,  England,  and 
parts  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  American  Union 
furnish  many  striking  examples. 


44  The  Temperaments, 

(2).  Residing  in  densely-shaded  places,  where  the 
sun  penetrates  but  little  and  the  air  is  confined  and 
therefore  not  easily  purified.  Confinement  within 
doors,  in  rooms  kept  constantly  darkened  by  blinds 
and  curtains,  is  another  form  of  the  same  potent 
evil — exclusion  of  sunlight  and  fresh  air. 

(3).  The  crowding  together  of  many  people,  as  in 
the  tenement-houses  of  cities,  resulting  in  a  poisoned 
atmosphere  and  general  filthiness. 

(4).  Sedentary  in-door  employments  and  lack  of 
exercise  in  the  open  air. 

(5).  Errors  of  diet,  especially  in  connection  with 
the  other  causes  enumerated,  and  where  there  is  a 
pre-existing  tendency  to  the  lymphatic  habit.  A  too 
exclusive  use  of  watery  vegetables,  leguminous  seeds, 
and  dishes  prepared  with  milk  is  found  very  injurious 
in  such  cases.  In  children  manifesting  the  unfavor- 
able predisposition  referred  to,  the  too  long-con- 
tinued use  of  a  milk  diet  will  be  likely  to  greatly 
aggravate  it. 

The  mental  causes  of  this  temperamental  condi- 
tion, though  perhaps  less  obvious,  are  equally  power- 
ful. They  are  numerous,  but  the  most  noteworthy 
are: 

(1).  A  false  system  of  education,  calculated  to  de- 
velop the  mind  at  the  expense  of  the  body,  repress 
the  natural  activities  of  childhood  and  youth,  and 
prevent  the  harmonious  expansion  of  the  faculties, 
and  thus  lower  the  tone  of  every  part  of  the  general 
system. 

(2).  An  utter  neglect  of  mental  culture,  equally 
injurious  to  the  abuse  of  intellectual  development 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.    45 

referred  to  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  leaving  the 
mind  in  a  half-dormant  state  and  fostering  idleness, 
indolence,  indifference,  and  ennui. 

(3).  Care,  anxiety,  disappointment,  grief,  and  the 
depressing  passions  generally,  which  impair  the  brain 
and  debilitate  and  soften  the  body  and  prevent  its 
proper  development. 

These  and  other  similar  influences,  mental  and  phys- 
ical, tend  to  create  and  develop  not  only  a  most  un- 
desirable constitutional  condition,  but  often  lead  to 
the  establishment  of  a  scrofulous  habit  of  body, 
almost  sure  to  culminate  in  confirmed  disease. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  Physically,  persons  in 
whom  the  Lymphatic  Temperament  is  strongly  devel- 
oped are  characterized  by  a  stature  above  rather  than 
below  the  medium,  except  in  those  cases  in  which  ex- 
cessive morbid  conditions  in  childhood  and  youth 
have  led  to  an  arrest  of  development ;  fullness  of  body, 
sometimes  amounting  to  excessive  corpulence,  caused 
rather  by  the  settling  of  the  watery  fluids  under  the 
skin  than  by  the  bulk  of  the  muscles ;  softness  and 
flabbiness  of  flesh ;  contours,  full,  but  without  grace 
or  beauty;  articulations,  voluminous,  but  badly 
formed ;  extremities,  large  and  ugly ;  features,  full, 
heavy,  and  expressionless,  the  cheeks  being  often  pen- 
dant and  the  lips  thick ;  skin,  a  dull  leaden  white, 
faded  or  yellowish  and  generally  cold  and  moist ;  hair, 
fine,  silky,  but  lustreless,  a  pale  blonde,  sometimes 
reddish — in  childhood,  sometimes  a  dull  white ;  ex- 
pression, mild,  benevolent,  timid,  often  sad;  voice, 
monotonous ;  pulse,  slow  and  feeble ;  movements, 
sluggish  ;  walk,  slow,  painfnl   and  uncertain.     In  ex- 


46  The  Temperaments. 

treme  cases,  some  of  these  characteristics  are  enor- 
mously exaggerated.  In  women,  the  greater  compara- 
tive fullness  and  activity  of  the  lacteals  give  them 
more  influence  in  the  lymphatic  system,  and  modify 
favorably  the  manifestations  of  this  Temperament. 

(2).  The  mental  characteristics  of  the  Lymphatic 
Temperament  are  in  unison  with  the  bodily  traits  we 
have  described.  The  brain  is  not  less  sluggish  than 
the  body,  and  there  is  a  strong  desire  for  repose,  and 
an  aversion,  more  or  less  invincible,  to  everything 
which  calls  for  active  exertion.  There  is  often  ex- 
cellent common  sense,  good  judgment,  and  fine 
general  abilities,  though  little  originality  or  imagina- 
tion ;  but  these  qualities  are  generally  of  little  value 
to  their  possessor,  on  account  of  the  constitutional 
inertness  which  prevents  their  efficient  exercise.  The 
disposition  is  mild,  amiable,  and  timid,  with  a  tendency 
to  sadness,  indifference,  and  ennui.  The  currents  of 
life  are  too  sluggish  to  give  any  useful  motion  to  the 
mental  machinery. 

3.  Remedial  Agencies. — To  correct  the  grave  and 
deeply-seated  evils  of  which  the  Lymphatic  Temper- 
ament is  an  indication,  is  certainly  difficult,  especially 
when  they  are  congenital  or  have  become  chronic ; 
but,  except  in  extreme  cases,  we  need  not  despair  of 
effecting  an  improvement,  if  not  a  radical  cure. 
Among  the  most  important  and  generally  available 
means  to  this  end  are  : 

(1).  The  removal,  so  far  as  possible,  of  the  causes 
which  have  been  instrumental  in  producing  the  ob- 
jectionable condition,  whether  these  be  physical  or 
mental — a  residence   in  an  insalubrious  district,  un- 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.    4  f 

healthful  surroundings,  a  bad  diet,  a  false  educational 
system,  or  depressing  passional  influences. 

(2).  The  direct  application  of  counteracting  agen- 
cies, such  as  a  nutritious,  strengthening,  and  somewhat 
stimulating  diet,  consisting  largely  of  wholesome 
animal  food ;  such  outdoor  exercises  as  will  best 
promote  the  development  of  the  muscular  and  vital 
systems ;  and  such  mental  stimuli  as  are  calculated  to 
awaken  the  dormant  energies  of  the  mind.  An  in- 
terest in  any  study,  occupation,  or  pursuit  once  ex- 
cited, and  an  important  step  in  the  right  direction 
has  been  gained,  making  the  succeeding  ones  Com- 
paratively easy.  The  conditions  against  which  we 
have  to  contend  are  negative  ones — torpidity,  stag- 
nation, inertia.  We  must,  then,  stimulate,  encourage, 
vitalize — promote  activity  in  body  and  brain. 

II.— The  Sanguine  Temperament  (Fig.  4). 

The  predominance  of  the  arterial  circulatory  sys- 
tem, the  lungs  and  the  capillary  vessels  generally, 
constitute  the  organic  basis  of  the  Sanguine  Tem- 
perament— the  most  favored  of  all  in  those  desirable 
physical  conditions  conducive  to  health  and  happi- 
ness, without,  however,  promising  so  much  in  the 
way  of  an  illustrious  or  useful  career.  As  now  con- 
stituted and  described,  it  is  a  modification  of  the 
Sanguine  Temperament  of  the  ancients,  the  changes 
being  the  results  of  modern  researches  in  physiology 
and  pathology. 

1.  Causes. — This  Temperament,  being  a  positive 
rather  than  a  negative  constitutional  condition,  and 
replete   with   vigor   and    healthful   activities,   tends 


48  The  Temperaments, 

strongly  to  perpetuate  itself.  When  fully  developed 
in  either  parent,  it  very  generally  forms  a  strong  if 
not  a  controlling  element  in  the  progeny.  Of  the 
causes  which  promote  its  development,  the  following 
are  the  most  important : 

(i).  A  climate  neither  too  moist  nor  too  dry,  and 
free  from  malaria,  and  a  healthful  habitation  and  sur- 
roundings, admitting  the  sunlight,  and  insuring  at 
all  times  an  abundance  of  fresh  air. 

(2).  Daily,  active  outdoor  exercise,  embracing 
sports  and  employments  calculated  to  interest  the 
mind  as  well  as  invigorate  the  body. 

(3).  A  wholesome  diet,  in  which  foods  selected 
from  the  animal  kingdom  hold  an  important  place, 
and  into  which  watery  vegetables,  strong  acids,  and 
milk  do  not  enter  too  largely. 

(4).  A  rational  system  of  education,  in  which,  in 
its  earlier  stages  at  least,  more  prominence  is  given 
to  health  and  physical  development  than  to  mental 
culture,  and  which  is  free  from  those  injurious  re- 
straints and  that  repressive  discipline  which  prevent 
the  child  or  the  youth  from  enjoying  without  diso- 
bedience or  a  sense  of  wrong-doing  the  sports  of  his 
age. 

(5).  The  culture  and  development  of  the  affections 
and  the  removal  of  the  causes  of  the  violent  passions 
of  ambition,  envy,  jealousy,  and  hate,  which  exert  an 
exhausting  and  depressing  influence. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  The  Sanguine  Tempera- 
ment is  characterized,  physically,  by  a  stature  gen- 
erally above  the  medium  ;  a  well-proportioned  body, 
the  chest  being  particularly  well-developed,  and  the 


B.     GRATZ     BROWN. 
FIG.  4.— THE  SANGUINE  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  II. 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.     49 

muscles  modeled  for  elegance  and  suppleness  rathei 
than  for  power  and  solidity ;  articulations  thin,  slen- 
der, and  in  harmony  with  the  members,  the  extremi- 
ties of  which  they  unite,  and  with  the  general  habit 
of  the  body,  which  indicates  activity  and  grace  rather 
than  strength,  its  type  being  the  Apollo  Belvedere. 
The  head  is  generally  well  formed  and  moderate  in 
size,  and  the  proportions  between  the  cranium  and 
the  face  harmonious.  The  skin  is  fine,  soft,  pliable, 
and  transparent ;  the  complexion,  suffused  by  the 
highly-vitalized  blood  which  the  powerful  arterial 
system  supplies,  always  fresh  and  ruddy;  the  hair, 
blonde,  red  or  chestnut,  rarely  dark,  and  the  expres- 
sion cheerful,  frank,  benevolent,  and  sincere.  The 
face  is  inclined  to  roundness,  the  lips  are  full  and  red, 
and  the  eyes  blue,  brilliant,  and  expressive.  The 
pose  of  the  body  is  natural  and  dignified,  and  the 
movements  graceful,  easy,  and  precise.  The  organi- 
zation, as  a  whole,  is  characterized  by  vigor,  warmth, 
and  functional  activity. 

(2).  As  the  physical  functions  are  rapidly  and  vigor- 
ously performed  and  the  blood  rich  and  warm,  so  are 
the  mental  processes  characterized  by  facility  and 
quickness,  and  the  disposition  by  ardor  and  impulsive- 
ness. Ready,  facie  perceptions,  brilliant  imagination, 
great  versatility  and  vivacity  of  expression,  accom- 
panied by  an  inability  to  fix  the  attention  long  upon 
any  one  subject,  give  to  the  judgment  more  prompt- 
ness than  solidity,  and  to  aquisition  and  performance 
more  variety  and  showinessthan  depth  and  originality. 
A  man  of  this  Temperament  attains  more  success  in 
the  drawing-room  among  women  than  among  serious* 
3 


50  The  Temperaments, 

ly-minded  men,  and  more  distinction  on  the  tribune, 
in  literary  labor  and  in  the  fine  arts,  than  in  the  cult- 
ure of  abstract  or  positive  science,  or  in  studies  neces- 
sarily requiring  close  and  long-continued  attention. 
Of  the  powerful  and  sustained  efforts  of  the  highest 
genius  he  is  utterly  incapable.  These  intellectual 
traits  are  supplemented  by  a  cheerful,  lively,  easy  dis- 
position, great  good  nature,  kindness,  credulity,  and 
candor.  There  is  always  a  great  fondness  for  good  liv- 
ing, pleasant  companionship,  and  the  light  and  trifling 
rather  than  the  serious  affairs  of  life.  In  their  affections, 
persons  of  this  Temperament  are  ardent,  but  often  in- 
constant, and  their  plans  and  opinions  are  liable  to  sud- 
den changes.  Naturally  impatient  and  fiery,  they  are 
often  thrown  into  violent  passions,  but  their  outbursts 
are  almost  always  followed  by  returning  kindness,  and 
they  are  seldom  obdurate  or  revengeful.  Their  strong 
appetites,  their  active  social  affections,  their  impa- 
tience of  restraint  and  love  of  excitement  and  change, 
often  lead  them,  when  not  restrained  by  well-estab- 
lished moral  principles,  into  a  course  of  frivolity  and 
dissipation.  Avoiding  this,  they  generally  lead  a 
cheerful  if  not  a  jovial  life,  enjoying  the  present,  for- 
getting the  past,  and  concerning  themselves  little 
with  the  future. 

3.  Cultivation. — Where  the  sanguine  element  of  the 
constitution  is  deficient,  every  effort  should  be  made, 
by  means  of  judicious  cultivation,  to  increase  its 
development.  The  agencies  to  be  made  use  of  will 
suggest  themselves  on  recalling  the  causes  which  lead 
to  its  predominance,  set  forth  at  the  commencement 
of  this  section.     They  consist — 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.     5 1 

(1).  Negatively,  in  the  avoidance  of  sedentary  em- 
ployments ;  confinement  in  close,  darkened,  or  shaded 
rooms;  a  low,  innutritious  diet;  continuous  and  ex- 
cessive mental  application  ;  too  much  muscular  exer- 
cise ;  all  depressing  emotions,  and  everything  calcu- 
lated to  lower  the  tone  of  the  system  ;  and — 

(2).  Positively,  in  an  exposure,  as  constant  as  prac- 
ticable, to  fresh  air  and  sunshine ;  active  employments 
and  recreations ;  persistent  systematic  exercises  tend- 
ing to  expand  the  chest  and  increase  the  power  of  the 
heart  and  lungs ;  a  strong,  nutritious,  mixed  diet ; 
sufficient  intellectual  exertion  to  employ  and  direct 
the  mind,  without  fatiguing  it ;  cheerful  companion- 
ship and  pleasant  surroundings ;  and,  if  possible,  the 
full  satisfaction  of  the  social  affections. 

4.  Counteractive  Agencies. — Even  a  constitutional 
condition,  natural  and  eminently  healthful  in  its 
typical  form,  may,  when  in  excess,  become  the  source 
of  grave  evils,  or  its  characteristic  tendencies  may 
lead  to  hurtful  indulgences,  unless  restrained  by  the 
modifying  influences  of  the  other  temperamental  ele- 
ments, or  by  a  predominating  sense  of  moral  respon- 
sibility. We  must,  therefore,  learn,  if  possible,  how 
to  counteract  as  well  as  to  encourage,  strengthen,  and 
develop  these  tendencies.  In  the  case  of  the  San- 
guine Temperament,  the  counteracting  agencies  to  be 
brought  into  play  are  these : 

(1).  Increased  activity  (leading  to  increased  develop- 
ment) of  the  muscular  and  the  nervous  systems, 
through  such  exercise  and  culture  as  may  be  best  cal- 
culated to  call  out  their  strength  and  give  them  more 
influence  in  the  organization.     A  close,  patient  appli- 


52  The  Temperaments. 

cation  (within  the  limits  of  health)  to  some  scientific 
study,  or  a  steady  adherence  to  a  regular  course  of 
severe  muscular  exercise,  will  effect  wonders  in  bring- 
ing the  system  into  harmony. 

(2).  The  awakening  and  development  of  the  moral 
sentiments,  and  especially  those  imparting  a  sense  of 
right  and  wrong,  self-respect,  and  human  responsi- 
bility. These  will  tend  to  turn  the  irrepressible  activ- 
ities of  this  Temperament  into  channels  of  innocent 
and  honorable  recreation  and  work,  and  prevent  its 
strong  and  sudden  impulses  from  carrying  it  into  the 
excesses  of  folly  and  vice. 

III.— The  Bilious  Temperament  (Fig.  5). 

The  Bilious  Temperament  pivots  on  the  liver, 
the  predominating  influence  of  which,  through  its 
proper  functional  operations,  together  with  those  of 
the  nervo-ganglionic  centers  closely  connected  there- 
with, constitutes  its  physical  basis,  though  it  involve.-,, 
to  a  great  extent,  the  whole  nutritive  system,  and 
especially  the  digestive  apparatus. 

Causes. — Aside  from  an  inherited  predisposition  to 
it,  which  is  the  most  potent  cause  of  this  constitu- 
tional condition,  it  may  be  created  and  is  always 
fostered  and  augmented  by — 

(1).  Residence  in  regions  having  a  dry,  hot  climate ; 

(2).  A  diet  largely  composed  of  animal  food,  and 
especially  of  bacon  and  other  salted,  smoked,  or  spiced 
meats :  tea,  coffee,  and  other  stimulating  beverages  ; 

(3).  Sedentary  habits  and  lack  of  sufficient  exercise 
in  the  open  air;  . 

(4).  Violent  and  unpleasant  mental   excitements, 


E.     H.     DIXON,     M.  D. 
FIG.    5. — THE   BILLIOUS  TEMPERAMENT. 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.     53 

embittering  political  contests,  revolutionary  agita- 
tions, religious  controversies,  and  violent  passions, 
such  as  envy,  jealousy,  and  hate. 

Characteristics, — (1).  The  Bilious  Temperament  is 
characterized,  physically,  by  a  medium  stature ;  a 
somewhat  angular  configuration ;  strongly-defined 
muscular  developments;  a  firm  pose;  a  lofty  if  not 
audacious  bearing ;  abrupt,  energetic,  and  expressive 
gestures;  a  measured  walk;  and  an  expression  of 
countenance  generally  serious  and  sometimes  somber 
and  severe.  The  skin  is  rather  coarse  and  dry ;  the 
complexion  olive,  tawny,  or  dull ;  the  eyes  black  or 
brown,  and  the  hair  dark — often  black — strong  and 
abundant.  The  preponderance  of  the  venous  over 
the  arterial  system,  places  this  Temperament  in  direct 
antagonism  to  the  Sanguine,  and  the  excess  of  bile 
sometimes  secreted  renders  the  system  liable  to  irri- 
table conditions  and  bilious  diseases. 

(2).  The  mental  manifestations  of  this  constitu- 
tional condition  are  all  energetically  expressed  and 
unmistakable  ;  and  it  furnishes  generally  the  most  re- 
markable developments  of  intellect  and  passion,  the 
former  rising  far  above  mere  cleverness  and  imagina- 
tion, into  the  regions  of  genius,  and  the  latter  often  cul- 
minating in  the  sublimest  virtues  or  the  most  atrocious 
crimes.  It  is  characterized  by  precision  of  judgment, 
power  of  reasoning,  and  profundity  of  perceptions, 
rather  than  by  brilliancy  and  ingeniousness  of  concep- 
tions. There  is  a  serious  earnestness  in  all  its  mani- 
festations ;  a  predilection  for  grave  and  useful  labors ; 
a  distaste  for  all  frivolous  pursuits,  and  a  ready  renun- 
ciation, at  need,  of  amusement  and  recreation.     Un 


54  The  Temperaments. 

flinching  resolution,  dauntless  courage,  indomitable 
perseverance,  and  a  capability  for  sustained  attention 
and  deep  research  are  equally  noteworthy  traits.  The 
style  is  rapid,  concise,  expressive,  burning ;  the  elocu- 
tion measured  and  calm  in  ordinary  conversation,  but 
abrupt,  incisive,  and  terrible  when  expressing  violent 
emotions.  In  its  passional  or  emotional  manifesta- 
tions, this  Temperament  presents  strange  contrasts 
and  contradictions — on  the  one  hand  moral  grandeur, 
generosity,  self-sacrifice,  heroic  devotion ;  on  the  other, 
ambition,  jealousy,  envy,  vindictive  hate,  perfidy,  and 
cruelty.  It  is  here  that  the  domination  of  reason  and 
the  moral  sentiments  over  the  passions  is  most  neces- 
sary, and  at  the  same  time  most  difficult  to  maintain. 
Abandoned  to  mere  impulse,  men  of  this  constitution 
become  insupportably  disagreeable.  If  conscious  of 
their  defects  and  errors,  they  seem  proud  rather  than 
ashamed  of  them,  make  enemies  without  number,  and, 
finally,  become  isolated,  misanthropic,  and  tired  of 
existence.  On  the  contrary,  if  strongly  controlled 
and  rightly  directed,  the  powerful  forces  of  these  vol- 
canic natures  become  beneficent  agencies  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  great  ends,  overcoming  obstacles 
which  seem  to  all  others  insurmountable,  and  modi- 
fying the  political  and  moral  condition  of  the  world. 
Where  the  control  is  imperfect,  good  and  evil  are 
strangely  mingled  in  the  stormy  career  of  such 
natures,  as  illustrated  by  such  historic  personages  as 
Mohammed,  Cromwell,  and  Napoleon. 

An  excess  of  the  bilious  element,  resulting  in  an 
irritable  condition  of  the  digestive  and  nervo-gan- 
glionic  organs ;  depressing  passions,  bitter  opposition, 


The  Patlwlogical  View  of  the  Temperaments.     55 

persecution,  injustice,  the  constant  wounding  of  self- 
love,  grief,  sad  companions,  and  gloomy  surroundings, 
in  connection,  frequently,  with  an  indulgence  in  per- 
verse and  immoral  inclinations,  subversive  of  both 
bodily  health  and  mental  soundness,  lead  to  that  ab- 
normal condition  called  by  the  ancients  the  Melan- 
cholic Temperament,  in  which  there  is  a  sickly  condi- 
tion of  body ;  a  cold,  humid  skin ;  a  sallow,  dis- 
colored complexion ;  a  timid,  sorrowful,  and  languid 
expression  of  countenance ;  a  depraved  appetite ;  a 
painful  digestion ;  disturbed  sleep ;  depression  of 
spirits,  defying  all  consolation  ;  utter  discouragement ; 
inability  to  take  things  at  their  natural  value,  but  a 
setting  aside  of  the  real  appreciation,  in  favor  of  the 
hallucination  of  a  diseased  imagination  ;  the  exaggera- 
tion of  all  painful  impressions  and  the  lessening  of  all 
those  which  might  become  agreeable ;  an  irritability 
which  is  prone  to  take  offense  where  none  is  meant ; 
and  a  disposition  to  brood  over  fictitious  wrongs  and 
imaginary  misfortunes. 

3.  Cultivation. — The  liver,  being  remote  from  the 
brain  and  more  secluded  than  the  organs  of  circula- 
tion from  atmospheric  and  other  external  influences, 
the  temperamental  condition  of  which  it  is  the  source, 
is  less  readily  affected  by  direct  agencies  than  those 
which  depend  upon  more  accessible  parts  and  more 
sensitive  tissues.  It  is,  however,  to  some  extent, 
within  our  control  and  maybe  promoted  by  judicious 
cultivation.     The  means  to  this  end  are : 

(1).  Change  of  residence  to  a  hotter  and  drier  cli- 
mate ;  a  diet  embracing  a  larger  proportion  of  animal 
food ;  the  very  moderate  use  of  tea  and  coffee. 


56  The  Temperaments, 

(2).  Active  participation  in  the  more  stirring  move- 
ments  of  the  day,  with  the  discussions,  controversies, 
contests,  and  excitements  involved  ;  and  the  exercise 
of  all  the  positive,  executive,  and  aggressive  elements 
of  character. 

4.  Counteractive  Agencies. — As  there  is  a  direct  an- 
tagonism between  the  bilious  and  the  sanguine  ele- 
ments of  the  constitution,  we  can  always  make  use 
of  the  one  to  counteract  or  modify  the  other.  When, 
therefore,  there  may  be  an  excessive  development  of 
the  Bilious  Temperament,  the  most  efficient  means 
of  moderating  its  action,  and  finally  diminishing  its 
volume  and  influence,  is  by  increasing  the  weight  of 
the  adverse  or  sanguinous  element,  the  means  of 
doing  which  have  already  been  set  forth  under  their 
proper  head. 

5.  Controlling  Influences. — The  terrible  power  for 
evil  as  well  as  for  good  residing  in  this  Tempera- 
ment, renders  it  most  important  that  we  should  be 
able  to  turn  its  energies  into  the  right  channels  and 
make  them  minister  to  the  good  of  the  race.  The 
moral  sentiments  must,  therefore,  be  awakened  into 
healthy  activity  and  the  reasoning  powers  be  well 
developed  by  judicious  exercise. 

6.  Remedial  Measures. — In  the  case  of  such  ab- 
normal manifestations  as  those  noted  as  being 
characteristic  of  what  is  called  the  Melancholic  Tem- 
perament, active  hygienic  measures  directed  to  the 
restoration  of  the  general  health  should  be  at  once 
resorted  to. 

(1).  A  removal,  so  far  as  possible,  of  all  the  causes 
calculated  to  aggravate  the  diseased  condition,  such 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.     57 

as  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors,  tea,  coffee,  salted  and 
smoked  meats,  spices  and  condiments,  dull  or  gloomy 
companionship,  and  somber  or  otherwise  disagree- 
able surroundings ; 

(2).  A  carefully  selected,  cooling,  unstimulating 
diet  composed  of  farinaceous  substances,  fruits  and 
vegetables ; 

(3).  Frequent  bathing  (the  Turkish  Bath  being  used, 
if  possible),  and  constant  and  systematic  outdoor  ex- 
ercise ;  and 

(4).  Pleasant  surroundings,  cheerful  companionship, 
rational  amusements,  and  constant,  but  not  fatiguing 
occupation  for  body  and  mind. 

IV. — The  Nervous  Temperament  (Fig.  6). 

The  abnormal  constitutional  condition  described 
under  this  name  by  medico-physiological  writers,  is 
unfortunately  sufficiently  common  in  this  age  and 
country  to  be  readily  recognized.  Its  pathological 
character  is  also  evident  enough,  no  healthy  man  or 
woman  ever  presenting  the  characteristics  by  which 
it  is  distinguished.  It  consists  in  the  excessive  de- 
velopment and  morbid  activity  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, including  the  brain,  though  the  latter  organ, 
taken  alone,  is  not  always  necessarily  either  large  or 
particularly  influential,  the  nervo-ganglionic  system 
being  often  the  chief  seat  of  this  constitutional  con- 
dition. 

1.  Causes. — The  causes  of  this  temperamental  con- 
dition are  mainly  peculiar  to  our  "  advanced  civiliza- 
tion," in  regard  to  which  we  are  accustomed  to  boast, 


58  The  Temperaments. 

and  consist  in  the  training,  habits,  and  modes  of  life 
which  this  civilization  permits  and  encourages.  We 
note,  as  prominent  among  them  : 

(i).  The  hereditary  transmission  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  parents,  and  the  pre-natal  influences 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  child  during  gestation, 
through  the  nervous  excitements  to  which  the  mother 
is  often  subjected,  and  which  are  readily  communi- 
cated and  profoundly  affect  its  organization.  These 
and  similar  considerations  serve  to  account  for  the 
frequency  of  this  condition  in  countries  where  civili- 
zation has  assumed  an  effeminate  and  luxurious 
phase. 

(2).  A  false  and  pernicious  system  of  infantile  nur- 
ture, calculated  to  soften,  weaken,  and  blanch  the 
tender,  young  subject,  rather  than  to  build  up  a  solid 
structure  of  healthy  bone  and  muscle  and  transfuse 
it  with  warm,  red,  vitalized  blood.  The  excessive 
precautions  taken  to  secure  the  infant  against  cold 
and  all  external  atmospheric  influences,  only  foster 
and  increase  the  unfavorable  hereditary  tendencies 
noted  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  and  unfit  it  for  the 
equally  inconsiderate,  not  to  say  criminal,  exposure 
to  which,  a  little  later,  its  tender  limbs  will  be  ex- 
posed in  its  sleeveless  short  dresses. 

(3).  In  early  youth,  before  either  body  or  brain 
have  attained  sufficient  consistency  and  strength  to 
bear  the  strain,  and  while  growth  and  physical  train- 
ing should  be  the  principal  objects,  commences  the 
confinement  of  the  school-room  with  its  premature 
and  excessive  intellectual  culture — or  the  word-stuff- 
ing which  passes  for  culture — and  the  sad  work,  com- 


WM.     ELLERY     CHANNING,     D.D. 
FIG.  6.— THE  NERVOUS  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE   IV. 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.    59 

menced  before  birth  and  well  advanced  in  infancy,  is 
carried  another  long  step  forward.  The  result  is 
either  a  breaking  down,  at  this  stage,  of  the  general 
health,  followed  by  an  early  death,  or  an  intellectual 
precocity,  inadequately  sustained  by  vital  stamina, 
and  surely  leading  to  painful  disappointments  in  re- 
gard to  a  career  in  life,  the  brilliant  promises  of  which 
are  never  sustained. 

(4).  In  mature  life,  in  addition  to  confinement 
within  doors  and  lack  of  exercise,  come,  if  possible, 
still  more  serious  abuses  in  the  excessive  use  of  tea, 
coffee,  tobacco,  and  strong  liquors ;  the  constant  ex- 
citements of  society ;  a  passionate  devotion  to  pur- 
suits and  pleasures  calculated  to  weaken  the  nerves, 
while  exalting  the  sensibilities,  already  too  active; 
and,  on  the  part  of  some,  the  cares  and  anxieties  of 
business.  These  baleful  influences  are  most  prevalent 
in  cities  and  towns,  but,  unfortunately,  are  not  con- 
fined  to  them. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  Among  the  physical  indi- 
cations of  the  Nervous  Temperament,  we  find,  gen- 
erally, a  stature  below  the  medium ;  a  slight  frame ; 
habitual  emaciation  and  a  marked  predominance  of 
the  nervous  over  the  muscular  system.  The  head 
is  generally  relatively  large  and  there  is  a  more  or  less 
marked  disproportion  between  the  cranium  and  the 
face.  The  skin  and  hair  are  fine  and  soft ;  the  eyes 
often  gray  and  very  brilliant ;  the  complexion  pale 
and  sometimes  sallow;  the  movements  rapid  and 
often  irregular  or  convulsive ;  and  the  expression  in- 
telligent and  vivacious. 

(2).  All  the  mental   manifestations   are   generally 


60  The  Temperaments. 

lively,  prompt,  and  facile,  though  sometimes  weak 
and  indecisive.  There  is  often  excessive  sensibil- 
ity, leading  sometimes  to  the  most  painful  emotions ; 
quick  perceptions ;  brilliant  imagination  ;  versatility, 
wit,  refinement,  and  taste.  The  judgment  is  sel- 
dom trustworthy,  and  the  affections  are  often  in- 
constant, factitious,  and  sickly  rather  than  firm, 
hearty,  and  real.  There  is  little  capacity  for  con- 
tinued attention  to  any  particular  subject  or  for 
patient  study  or  profound  research.  Grave  discus- 
sions, fatigue,  and  grand  abstractions  confuse  and 
overwhelm  the  mind.  A  desire  for  novelty  and 
change ;  an  equal  facility  to  learn  and  to  forget ;  the 
love  of  the  world,  its  superficial  distinctions,  its  futile 
pleasures,  and  its  enervating  fatigues ;  absurd  sensi- 
tiveness ;  easily  wounded  self-love ;  impressions  ut- 
terly disproportionate,  seemingly,  to  the  objects 
which  produce  them,  and  generally  exaggerated  views 
and  feelings  are  among  the  irregular  characteristics 
of  the  Nervous  Temperament,  which  is  most  common 
among  women  of  the  wealthier  classes,  men  devoted 
to  sedentary  pursuits,  or  to  idleness  and  sensuality, 
and  to  those  of  both  sexes  who  habitually  make 
excessive  use  of  tea,  coffee,  tobacco,  and  alcoholic 
liquors.  It  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to  highly 
civilized  nations  and  to  warm  and  temperate  cli- 
mates. 

3.  Remedial  Measures. — The  abnormal  condition 
we  have  described,  when  fully  developed.and  chronic, 
is  very  difficult  to  counteract  and  overcome,  more 
particularly  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  removing 
all  the  causes  which  have  led  to  its  firm  establish- 


The  Pathological  View  of  the  Temperaments.    6\ 

ment,  and  must,  so  long  as  they  exist,  continue  to 
foster  it. 

(i).  We  must,  however,  make  it  our  first  object  to 
give  the  patient,  so  far  as  possible,  immunity  from 
all  the  pernicious  influences  enumerated  among  the 
causes  of  the  diseased  condition,  not  forgetting  tea, 
coffee,  tobacco,  and  alcoholic  liquors ; 

(2).  Constant  exercise,  moderate  at  first,  and  in- 
creased with  the  increase  of  strength  ;  daily  bathing ; 
tepid  in  the  beginning  and  administered  with  caution, 
but  finally  colder,  for  a  tonic  effect ;  a  nutritious  diet, 
from  which  strong  condiments,  and  foods  not  easy 
of  digestion  are  excluded,  must  be  insisted  upon ; 
also, 

(3).  Occupations  and  amusements  suited  to  employ 
healthfully  the  mind  and  furnish  exercise  for  the 
muscles,  without  exciting  the  one  or  fatiguing  the 
other. 


IV. 

THE  ANATOMICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 

As  has  been  shown  in  Chapter  L,  the  human  body 
is  made  up  of  three  grand  classes  or  systems  of  organs, 
each  of  which,  as  a  system,  has  its  special  function  in 
the  general  economy.    We  have  denominated  them — 

i.  The  Motive  or  Mechanical  System; 

2.  The  Vital  or  Nutritive  System ;  and 

3.  The  Mental  or  Nervous  System. 

On  this  natural  anatomical  basis  rests  the  most 
simple  and  satisfactory  doctrine  of  the  Temperaments, 
of  which  there  are  primarily  three,  corresponding 
with  the  three  systems  of  organs  just  named.  They 
are  called — 

1.  The  Motive  Temperament; 

2.  The  Vital  Temperament ;  and 

3.  The  Mental  Temperament. 

Each  of  these  Temperaments  is  determined  by  the 
predominance  of  the  class  of  organs  from  which  it 
takes  its  name,  the  constitution  being  tempered  by  the 
admixture  of  the  other  elements  in  a  less  propor- 
tion, all  being  necessarily  present  in  every  human 
being.  The  first  is  marked  by  a  superior  development 
of  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems  forming  the  lo- 
comotive apparatus ;  in  the  second,  the  vital  organs, 
the  principle  seat  of  which  is  the  trunk,  give  the  tone 
to  the  organization  ;  while  in  the  third  the  brain  and 
nervous  system  exert  the  controlling  power.     It  will 

(62) 


The  Anatomical  Viezv  of  the  Temperaments,      63 

be  observed  that  this  classification  differs  from  the  old 
or  pathological  one,  principally  (aside  from  its  nomen- 
clature) in  making  the  vital  or  nutritive  system  the 
basis  for  a  single  Temperament  instead  of  three.  The 
heart,  lungs,  stomach,  and  abdominal  organs  all  work 
harmoniously  together,  and  are  too  closely  connected 
to  be  judiciously  separated  in  considering  general 
temperamental  condition  ;  but  when  a  closer  analysis 
becomes  necessary,  we  note  the  proportional  devel- 
opment of  the  sanguine,  the  bilious,  and  the  lym- 
phatic elements,  the  first  and  third  of  which  are  associ- 
ated more  particularly  with  the  Vital  Temperament ; 
and  the  second,  the  condensing  and  hardening  ele- 
ment, affects  more  generally  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment. The  Mental  Temperament  of  this  classification 
corresponds  with  the  Nervous  Temperament  of  the 
old  system,  except  that  it  recognizes  only  healthy 
conditions  of  the  organs  on  which  it  depends  for  its 
manifestations. 

In  the  order  of  their  influence,  among  civilized 
peoples,  the  Mental  Temperament  stands  first  and  the 
Vital  next,  but  we  have  thought  it  best  to  begin,  as 
in  our  anatomical  description,  with  the  solid  basis  of 
the  whole — the  bony  framework  and  the  tempera- 
mental condition  resting  upon  it. 

I. — The  Motive  Temperament  (Fig.  7). 

The  bony  framework  of  the  body  determines  its 
general  configuration,  which  is  modified,  in  its  details, 
by  the  muscular  fibers  and  cellular  tissues  which  over- 
lay it.  It  is  in  this  framework,  which  is  at  the  same 
time  a  most  wonderful  locomotive  apparatus,  that  we 


64  The  Temperaments. 

find  the  physical  basis  for  that  constitutional  condi 
tion  called  the  Motive  Temperament.  The  appropri* 
ateness  of  the  name  will  be  conceded  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  not  only  the  ability  for  action,  physical 
power,  and  mental  energy,  but  a  love  of  movement, 
a  fitness  for  hard  work,  and  an  earnestness  of  purpose 
which  ignores  ease  and  needless  repose,  are  among  its 
characteristics. 

1.  Causes. — This  Temperament  is  generally  hered- 
itary and  is  the  result  of  climate,  topographical  con- 
ditions, and  habits  of  life,  acting  for  generations  upon 
families  and  nations.  Among  the  most  influential 
of  the  physical  causes  which  lead  to  its  existence  and 
promote  its  increase,  are  : 

(1).  A  dry,  stimulating  atmosphere,  encouraging 
physical  action  and  inducing  mental  vigor,  without 
disposing  one  to  the  confinement  of  close  study ; 

(2).  Residence  in  rocky,  hilly,  and  mountainous  re- 
gions, where  great  muscular  exertion  is  required  to 
gain  a  subsistence,  and  where  the  roads  and  foot- 
paths are  steep  and  difficult ; 

(3).  Occupations  which  tend  to  develop  bone  and 
muscle  rather  than  cellular  tissue  or  brain,  without 
dwarfing  the  latter  by  inaction,  overwork,  or  repres- 
sion ;  and 

(4).  A  diet  rich  in  lime,  phosphoric  acid,  and  the 
other  bone-forming  element,  as  well  as  in  the  mate- 
rials for  building  up  the  muscular  sheathing  of  the 
bones. 

Mental  causes  affect  less  obviously  this  tempera- 
mental condition,  but  they  are  by  no  means  without 
their  influence. 


BARON     VON     LEIBIG. 

FIG.   7.  THE  MOTIVE  TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE  V. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    65 

(1).  Whatever  hardens  the  heart,  embitters  the  life, 
arouses  the  more  violent  passions,  or  gives  full  play 
to  ambition  and  the  love  of  power,  promotes,  through 
the  mental  organization,  the  physical  conditions  of 
the  Motive  Temperament.  Political  agitations,  revo- 
lutionary movements,  heated  religious  controversies, 
opposition  in  all  forms,  constant  resistance  to  author- 
ity or  the  will  of  others,  and  the  necessity  for  being 
always  watchful  and  on  the  defensive,  are  among  the 
strongest  of  these  influences;  to  which  may  be 
added : 

(2).  The  exercise  of  authority,  especially  in  mili- 
tary forms,  and  the  weight  of  great  responsibilities, 
calling  for  the  exercise  of  the  executive  faculties  to 
their  full  capacity,  which  are  also  favorable  to  its 
culture. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  Bones  proportionally  large, 
and  long  rather  than  broad  ;  strong,  hard  muscles,  and 
prominent  articulations,  give  to  the  outlines  of  the 
form  in  the  Motive  Temperament  a  tendency  to  an- 
gularity and  sharpness.  The  figure  is  commonly  tall 
and  striking,  if  not  elegant ;  the  chest  moderate  in 
size  and  fullness ;  the  shoulders  broad  and  definite ; 
the  abdomen  proportional ;  the  limbs  long  and  only 
moderately  tapering.  The  face  is  oblong ;  the  cheek 
bones  rather  high  (as  in  Figs.  8  and  9) ;  the  front  teeth 
large;  and  the  features  generally  prominent  and 
sharply  defined.  The  expression  of  the  countenance 
is  striking,  grave,  earnest,  determined,  and  sometimes 
severe  and  stern. 

In  reference  to  color,  we  find  two  distinct  varieties 
of  this  Temperament — the  dark  and  the  light,  or  the 


66  The  Temperaments. 

melanchomous  and  the  xanthous.  In  the  first  the 
bilious  element  is  strongly  predominant ;  in  the  sec- 
ond the  sanguine  is  sufficiently  powerful  to  impart 
its  characteristic  redness  without  producing  that  con- 
stitutional condition  we  recognize  as  the  Vital  Tem- 
perament. In  the  dark  type,  the  complexion  is 
swarthy,  brown  or  olive,  the  eyes  black  or  brown,  and 
the  hair  generally  black,  strong,  and  abundant.  In 
the  sanguine  type,  the  complexion  may  be  florid  and 
the  eyes  blue,  gray,  or  hazel.  The  hair  is  often  red 
and  not  infrequently  sandy.  This  variety  of  the  Motive 
Temperament  is  exemplified  in  the  Scandinavian 
peoples — Danes,  Swedes,  and  Norwegians — in  the 
Irishmen  of  the  North,  in  the  Highland  Scotch  of 
the  higher  class  (mainly  of  Norse  origin),  and  in 
many  individuals  in  all  Caucasian  nations.  The  dark 
or  bilious  type  is  most  common  among  Americans, 
the  tendency  of  our  climate  being  to  produce  the 
melanic  constitution. 

Wherever  we  deem  it  desirable  to  distinguish  these 
two  varieties  of  the  Motive  Temperament,  we  shall 
designate  the  first  or  dark  type  as  the  Bilious-Motive, 
and  the  second  or  light  variety  as  the  Sanguine- 
Motive.  If  this  mixing  up  of  the  old  and  new  no- 
menclatures be  considered  objectionable,  they  may 
be  called  the  Melano-Motive  and  the  Xantho-Motive, 
respectively,  or  simply  the  Dark-Motive  and  the 
Light-Motive. 

In  persons  of  this  Temperament,  firmness  of  text- 
ure characterizes  all  the  organs,  imparting  great 
strength  and  endurance,  with  an  almost  unlimited 
capacity  for  both  mental  and  bodily  labor.     There  is 


FIG.  8.— HON.  JAS.   D.    WILLIAMS. 


FIG.  9,— JAS.    P.   BECKWOURTH. 

PHASES    OF    THE    MOTIVE. 


PLATE  VI 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    6j 

never  much  superfluous  flesh  where  the  Motive  Tem- 
perament is  strongly  predominant,  and  there  is  often 
more  or  less  hollowness  of  cheeks,  giving  additional 
ruggedness  to  the  features. 

In  women,  to  whom  this  Temperament  is  less 
proper  than  to  man,  and  in  whom  it  is  far  less 
common,  the  characteristics  we  have  described  are 
more  or  less  modified,  departing  from  the  typical 
form  in  the  direction  of  the  rounder,  more  delicate, 
and  softer  contours,  without  losing  the  clear,  definite, 
sharp  lines  which  give  the  face  and  figure  so  strik- 
ing an  appearance.  With  the  mental  element  nearly 
equal  to  the  motive,  and  the  vital  not  deficient,  great 
elegance  and  a  high  order  of  beauty  are  often  mani- 
fested, as  in  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  (Fig.  io),  Lucre- 
zia  Borgia,  and  others. 

Children  who  inherit  this  Temperament  (Fig.  1 2) ,  and 
in  whom  active  outdoor  sports  are  permitted  to  give  it 
facilities  for  development,  are  often  very  homely  and 
awkward,  but  they  improve  as  they  reach  maturity. 

(2).  The  mental  characteristics  of  the  Motive  Tern 
perament  are  not  less  strongly  marked  than  the  phys- 
ical. Its  subjects  are  never  mere  "  nobodies,"  but  are 
sure  to  be  known  and  noted  for  strong,  positive  traits 
of  character.  With  an  influential  tempering  with  the 
brain  element,  they  are  everywhere  the  acknowledged 
leaders  in  the  sphere  of  active  life,  where  industry, 
energy,  firmness,  perseverance,  indomitable  courage, 
self-control,  and  executive  ability  are  required  and 
appreciated.  They  are  men  for  the  field  rather  than 
for  the  council  chamber,  and  are  often  found  at  the 
head  of  armies  and  of  great  public  works.     They  are 


58  The  Temperaments. 

observers  rather  than  thinkers,  and  execute  better 
than  they  plan.  They  are  self-reliant,  ambitious, 
proud,  and  sometimes  arrogant,  domineering,  and 
cruel.  They  love  power  and  conquest,  and  often  pur- 
sue their  ends  with  a  reckless  disregard  for  the  phys- 
ical welfare  of  both  themselves  and  others.  As 
speakers  they  use  strong  expressions,  emphasize  many 
words,  and  talk  to  the  point,  hitting  the  nail  on  the 
head  with  a  heavy  blow.  In  whatever  way  this 
temperamental  condition  may  manifest  itself,  its  mani- 
festation will  be  forcible,  open,  and  direct.  Con- 
stancy in  love  and  in  friendship,  and  persistence  in 
hostility  and  hatred  may  generally  be  counted  upon 
in  persons  having  this  Temperament,  especially  when 
the  dark  or  bilious  element  predominates. 

With  a  marked  deficiency  in  the  mental  element, 
there  may  be  a  very  objectionable  degree  of  coarse- 
ness and  harshness  of  feelings,  roughness  and  lack  of 
susceptibility  to  all  refining  influences,  indicated  by  a 
corresponding  coarseness  of  fiber  in  the  bodily  organs, 
bushy  hair  and  beard,  and  a  harsh  expression  of 
countenance. 

Great  power  and  activity  in  some  particular  direc- 
tion, rather  than  breadth  and  comprehensiveness, 
characterize  those  in  whom  this  Temperament  is  in- 
dicated, and  there  is  generally  manifested  a  directness 
of  purpose  and  a  persistence  in  any  determined 
course  which  nothing  is  permitted  to  change. 

The  Motive  Temperament  was  common  among  the 
ancient  Romans,  and  helped  to  make  them  masters 
of  the  world.  In  the  Americans  of  the  United  States 
it  is  also  very  frequently  met  with,  being  with  us  next 


FIG.   IO. — MARY    WORTLEY    MONTAGU 


FIG.  II.— LITTLE  CROW.  FIG.  12— YOUTH. 

PHASES     OF     THE     MOTIVE. 

PLATE  VII. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    69 

in  influence  to  our  predominating  mentality.  It  is 
strongly  marked  among  the  North  American  Indians 
(Fig.  11),  and  is  not  uncommon  in  Scotland,  Ireland, 
Wales,  and  France.  In  America  the  States  of  Ver- 
mont, Maine,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  are  noted  for  its  development.  It  prevails 
most  in  mountainous  regions. 

There  is  sometimes  met  with  an  abnormal  develop- 
ment of  the  bony  and  muscular  systems,  in  which 
both  the  vital  and  the  mental  elements  are  sacrificed 
to  mere  animal  strength.  This  forms  what  the  an- 
cients called  the  Athletic  Temperament.  "  It  is 
marked  by  a  head  proportionally  small,  especially  in 
the  coronal  region  ;  a  thick  neck  ;  broad  shoulders ; 
expanded  chest ;  and  strongly-marked  muscles,  the 
tendons  of  which  are  apparent  through  the  skin.  The 
Farnese  Hercules  furnishes  a  model  of  the  physical 
attributes  of  this  abnormal  condition,  in  which  brute 
strength  usurps  the  energies  necessary  to  the  produc- 
tion of  thought,  and  leaves  its  possessor  decidedly 
deficient  in  all  the  higher  mental  and  moral  mani- 
festations." 

3.  Means  of  Culture. — As  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment depends  upon  those  parts  of  the  system,  the 
hardest,  most  dense,  and  the  slowest  in  undergoing 
the  processes  of  growth  and  decay,  it  is  less  readily 
amenable  to  cultivation  than  the  Vital  and  the 
Mental  Temperaments ;  nevertheless,  it  can  be  in- 
creased or  diminished  by  persevering  efforts  in  the 
proper  direction  in  each  case. 

To  promote  the  development,  when  desirable,  of 
the  locomotive  system  and  its  characteristic  mental 
traits ; 


jo  The  Temperaments. 

(i).  Choose  for  residence,  when  possible,  a  hilly  or 
mountainous  region,  with  a  dry,  stimulating  atmos- 
phere, and  accustom  yourself  to  labors  or  recreations 
calculated  to  make  these  advantages  available  and  to 
call  into  constant  action  the  whole  muscular  system, 
living  and  working,  so  far  as  possible,  in  the  open 
air; 

(2).  Let  your  diet  be  composed  in  part  of  the 
muscular  fiber  of  animals,  with  bread  composed  of 
unbolted  wheat,  and  other  substances  containing 
considerable  phosphate  of  lime  and  other  bone-form- 
ing materials; 

(3).  Throw  yourself  heartily  into  the  great  currents 
of  the  world's  progress,  accepting  and  seeking  oppo- 
sition, discussion,  and  conflict  of  opinions.  Seek 
positions  of  responsibility  and  those  calling  for  the 
exercise  of  authority  and  the  control  of  men,  and 
involving  the  execution  of  important  works.  If  war 
menace  your  country,  and  you  can  conscientiously 
take  arms  in  its  behalf,  march  to  the  front.  Camp- 
life  and  the  clash  of  arms  call  out  the  elements  of 
the  Motive  Temperament  through  the  executive 
faculties  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  by  the  direct  culture 
of  the  bony  and  muscular  systems. 

4.  Counteractive  Agencies. — To  counteract  or  modify 
any  undue  or  hurtful  development  or  to  restrain  the 
too  violent  manifestation  of  the  harsher  features  of  a 
predominant  motive  constitution,  we  must — 

(1).  Cultivate  and  encourage  in  every  practicable 
way  the  antagonistic  Vital  organs,  which  predispose  to 
geniality,  love  of  ease,  and  a  more  cheerful,  amiable 
disposition,  as   well   as  to  versatility,  vivacity,  and 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    71 

sociability.  The  means  for  doing  this  are  set  forth 
under  the  head  of  Vital  Temperament  (Section  4, 
p.  78),  which  the  reader  may  here  consult ; 

(2).  Develop,  by  exercise,  the  mental  system, 
which  has  always  a  softening,  elevating,  and  refining 
influence,  favorable  to  the  desired  toning  down  of 
the  somewhat  hard  and  rough  characteristics  of  a  too 
domineering  Motive  Temperament.  Poetry,  belles 
lettres,  music,  and  art  are  all  influential  agencies ; 

(3).  Restrain  the  too  violent  action  of  the  organs 
of  Combativeness  and  Destructiveness,  and  oppose 
to  Firmness  and  Self-esteem  the  modifying  influ- 
ences of  Benevolence,  Conscientiousness,  and  Appro- 
bativeness.  The  reasoning  faculties,  which  are  gen- 
erally not  so  well  developed,  should  be  cultivated  as 
naturally  antagonistic  to  the  predominant  perceptives 
of  this  constitution. 

II.— The  Vital  Temperament  (Fig.  13). 

The  physical  basis  of  the  Vital  Temperament  is 
found  in  the  nutritive  system,  occupying  the  great 
cavities  of  the  trunk  and  embracing  the  lymphatics, 
the  blood-vessels,  and  the  glands — in  other  words,  the 
organs  of  absorption,  circulation,  and  secretion.  It 
includes  the  elements  of  both  the  Sanguine  and  the 
Lymphatic  Temperaments  of  the  old  classification, 
and,  in  certain  cases,  a  strong  infusion  of  the  bilious 
element,  as  we  shall  show  further  on. 

1.  Causes. — This  is  the  Temperament  of  Child- 
hood and  its  primary  causes  are  to  a  large  extent 
pre-natal.  Among  the  most  influential  of  those 
which  promote  its  development  after  birth,  as  well  as 


72  The  Temperaments. 

(through  the  mother)  during  gestation,  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 

(i).  A  climate  calculated  by  its  temperature  and 
atmospheric  conditions  to  encourage  and  render 
pleasant  a  large  amount  of  outdoor  exercise,  and 
neither  so  dry  as  to  promote  the  density  and  hard- 
ness of  muscle  characteristic  of  the  bilious  constitu- 
tion, nor  so  moist  as  to  induce  an  abnormal  develop- 
ment of  lymph. 

(2).  Pleasurable  employment  or  recreation,  suffi- 
cient to  keep  all  the  bodily  organs  in  tone  and  the 
mind  interested,  without  fatiguing  or  overtasking 
either ;  with  all  the  rest  and  sleep  required  for  full 
recuperation. 

(3).  Abundant,  wholesome,  nutritious,  and  easily- 
digested  food  composed  largely  of  farinaceous  sub- 
stances, to  which  is  usually  added,  from  the  animal 
kingdom,  fat  beef,  mutton,  and  eggs,  and  from  which 
should  be  mainly  excluded  the  more  watery  vege- 
tables and  all  strong  acids. 

(4).  Genial  companionship ;  harmonious  social  re- 
lations ;  the  free  action  of  the  affections,  in  all  legiti- 
mate directions;  the  cultivation  of  the  arts,  and 
especially  music,  and  an  easy,  joyous,  untrammeled 
life  generally,  in  which  the  violent  passions — ambi- 
tion, envy,  jealousy,  hate,  etc. — have  no  part. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  The  Vital  Temperament  i? 
characterized,  physically,  by  a  stature  above  the 
medium,  and  marked  by  a  breadth  and  thickness  of 
body  proportionally  greater,  and  a  size  of  limbs  pro- 
portionally less  than  in  the  Motive  Temperament. 
The  chest  is  full,  the  abdomen  well  developed,  the 


NORMAN"     McLEOD,     D.  D. 
FIG.   13. — THE  VITAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  VIII 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    73 

limbs  plump,  but  tapering,  and  terminating  in  hands 
and  feet  relatively  small.  The  neck  is  short  and 
thick,  the  shoulders  broad  and  well  rounded,  and  the 
head  and  face,  corresponding  with  the  other  parts  ot 
the  system,  incline  to  roundness.  The  expression  of 
the  countenance  is  generally  lively,  pleasing,  frank, 
benevolent,  and  often  mirthful.  The  pose  of  the 
body  and  its  movements  are  natural,  easy,  graceful, 
and  dignified.  The  pulse  is  quicker  than  in  the  Mo- 
tive Temperament,  and  the  organization  throughout 
betokens  vigor,  warmth,  and  activity.  The  cheeks 
flush  readily  with  exercise  or  emotion,  and  all  the 
senses  are  active,  acute,  and  refined. 

The  Vital  Temperament,  as  we  have  defined  it,  in- 
cludes the  sanguine  element  of  the  constitution,  which 
generally,  in  the  Teutonic  nations,  gives  its  peculiar 
colors  to  the  complexion,  eyes,  and  hair ;  but  cases 
occur  in  which  all  the  essential  physical  characteris- 
tics of  this  Temperament  are  conjoined  with  the  com- 
plexion which  belongs  to  the  bilious  constitution. 
When  we  come  to  the  Celtic  nations  this  dark  type  is 
the  prevailing  one,  as  it  is,  of  course,  the  universal 
one  among  the  dark-skinned  races,  like  the  Indians 
and  the  Negroes. 

Among  the  light-skinned  and  fair-haired  branches 
of  the  Caucasian  race  these  departures  from  the  ordi- 
nary type  of  the  Vital  Temperament  are  doubtless 
often  due  to  a  strong  bilious-motive  tendency  inher- 
ited from  either  the  father  or  the  mother,  but  over- 
come in  every  other  direction  by  the  still  stronger 
Vital  element,  or  by  conditions  peculiarly  calculated 
to  develop  the  nutritive  system  generally.  Granting 
4 


74  The  Temperaments. 

this,  however,  does  not  change  the  aspects  of  the 
case,*  as  it  applies  to  the  dark  branches  of  the  race, 
among  whom  the  Vital  Temperament  is  as  common 
as  with  us — in  fact,  it  is  the  prevailing  one  among  the 
Spaniards  and  their  descendants,  all  swarthy,  black- 
haired  people, 

These  considerations  seem  to  require  the  recogni- 
tion, as  in  the  Motive  Temperament,  of  two  varieties 
of  this  constitution,  the  light  and  the  dark,  or  the 
sanguine  and  the  bilious.  In  the  first  the  complex- 
ion is  florid,  the  eyes  blue,  and  the  hair  light ;  in  the 
second  the  hair  is  black  or  dark  brown,  the  eyes  gen- 
erally black  or  dark  brown,  but  sometimes  hazel  01 
gray ;  while  the  complexion  may  be  swarthy,  olive, 
brown,  copper-colored,  yellow,  or  black.  The  dark 
or  bilious-vital  variety  is  characterized  physically 
by  more  toughness  and  endurance  and  less  activity 
than  the  light  or  sanguine-vital. 

An  undue  preponderance  of  the  absorbent  system, 
conjoined  with  a  sluggish  action  of  the  .  heart  and 
lungs,  give  rise  to  an  abnormal  deposit  of  watery 
fluids  under  the  skin,  producing  additional  fullness, 
and  presenting  softer  and  more  rounded  contours 
than  even  those  properly  belonging  to  this  constitu- 
tion, but  lacking  their  well-defined  and  graceful  out- 
lines. 

This  condition,  when  fully  developed,  constitutes 
the  Lymphatic  Temperament  of  the  old  classifica- 
tion. A  feeble  leaden  color  of  the  skin,  or  lack  of 
expression  in  the  countenance ;  a  flabbiness  of  the 
flesh  ;  great  sloth ;  and  general  apathy,  both  of  body 
and  mind,  characterize  this  state  of  the  system.     Dr 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    75 

Franklin,  in  his  old  age,  showed  something  of  this 
abnormal  temperamental  condition,  as  indicated  in 
Fig.   15. 

In  a  woman  of  this  Temperament  (which  seems 
to  be  peculiarly  the  Temperament  for  women)  the 
shoulders  are  softly  rounded,  but  owe  their  breadth 
and  thickness  to  the  expanded  chest,  with  which  they 
are  connected,  rather  than  to  the  bones  and  muscles 
of  the  shoulders  themselves;  the  bust  is  full  and 
rounded;  the  waist  proportional,  but,  as  it  were,  some- 
what encroached  upon  by  the  plumpness  of  the  con- 
tiguous parts  ;  the  limbs  tapering ;  the  feet  and  hands 
small,  but  plump ;  the  complexion  (in  the  sanguine 
type)  rosy  ;  the  eyes  blue  ;  and  the  hair  flaxen,  yellow, 
brown,  or  auburn.  In  the  dark  or  Bilious  variety, 
similar  physical  characteristics  prevail,  except  that 
there  is  more  density  and  hardness  of  fiber ;  less  fine- 
ness and  delicacy  of  skin  and  hair ;  an  olive  or  brunette 
complexion  ;  black  or  dark  brown  hair ;  and  dark  eyes. 
In  both  varieties  the  figure,  as  a  whole,  is  full,  soft, 
and  voluptuous.  Persons  of  this  Temperament  have 
greater  vigor,  but  less  toughness  than  those  of  the 
Motive  Temperament,  They  love  fresh  air  and  exer- 
cise, and  must  be  always  doing  something  to  work 
off  the  constantly  accumulating  stock  of  vitality  ;  but 
they  generally  like  play  better  than  hard  work. 

(2).  In  correspondence  with  the  vigor  and  activity 
with  which  all  the  bodily  functions  are  performed, 
the  mental  processes  are  characterized  by  quickness, 
facility,  and  versatility,  and  the  disposition  by  ardor, 
impulsiveness,  and  enthusiasm.  Persons  of  this  Tem- 
perament are  distinguished  by  elasticity  rather  than 


y6  The  Temperaments. 

firmness,  and  possess  more  diligence  than  persistence, 
and  more  brilliancy  than  depth.  Ready  percep- 
tions, rapid  deductions,  active  imagination,  and 
vivacity  of  expression,  enable  them  to  make  the  im- 
pression of  much  more  real  talent  and  power  than 
they  actually  possess.  They  are  showy  rather  than 
solid ;  incapable  of  fixing  the  mind  long  upon  one 
object,  they  are  unfitted  for  the  culture  of  the  posi- 
tive abstract  sciences.  They  are  subject  to  violent 
fits  of  passion,  but  are  as  easily  calmed  as  excited ; 
are  generally  lively,  cheerful,  amiable,  genial,  kind, 
good-natured,  frank,  and  candid  ;  always  fond  of  good 
living,  and  more  apt  than  others  to  fall  into  excesses 
in  eating  and  drinking,  and  especially  to  become  ad- 
dicted to  the  intemperate  use  of  stimulants.  They 
find  enjoyment  in  the  mere  sense  of  animal  existence, 
and  take  for  their  motto,  "  Let  us  live  while  we  live." 
As  speakers  and  writers,  they  are  ready,  fluent,  flowery, 
and  impassioned.  Their  opinions  are  often  adopted 
without  much  reflection,  and  are  liable  to  be  often 
changed.  In  friendship  and  in  love  they  are  ardent 
and  sincere ;  but  the  volatility  of  their  charac- 
ters renders  them  sometimes  inconstant  and  untrust- 
worthy. They  are  impatient  of  restraint,  and  their 
strong  social  affections  and  fondness  for  good  living 
are  liable,  unless  restrained,  to  lead  them  into  courses 
of  frivolity  and  dissipation.  With  high  moral  prin- 
ciples to  elevate  them  above  such  dangers,  they  gen- 
erally lead  happy  and  useful  if  not  very  noteworthy 
lives.  Several  brilliant  writers  and  speakers  have  had 
this  Temperament,  with  the  mental  system  influential, 
but  not  dominant.    Fig.  14  illustrates  this  statement, 


G.  14. — MRS.  C.  B.  rFEIFFER. 


FIG.  15.— BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN. 

PHASES   OF   THE  VITAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  IX. 


The  Anatomical  Viezv  of  the  Temperaments.    J  J 

and  indicates  the  character  of  the  talent  associated 
with  the  predominance  of  the  vital  constitution, 
which — though  perhaps  incompatible  with  genius — 
often  manifests  a  degree  of  practicable  ability  which 
passes  with  the  public  for  more  than  genius,  because 
not  so  far  above  the  level  of  common  thought  and 
general  experience. 

It  should  be  noted  here,  that  where  a  dark  com- 
plexion, black  hair,  and  black  or  brown  eyes  are  found 
associated  with  a  strongly-developed  vital,  system — 
that  is,  in  the  Bilious-Vital  Temperament — there  is 
always  manifested  a  strength  of  passion,  a  depth  of 
feeling,  and  a  capacity  for  sustained  effort  and  per- 
manence of  impression  and  affection — in  a  word,  a 
force  of  character  greater  than  in  the  xanthous  class, 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  less  refinement,  del- 
icacy, vivacity,  and  amiability. 

3.  Means  of  Culture. — The  agencies  to  be  made 
use  of  to  increase  and  develop  the  vital  system, 
when  deficient,  will  suggest  themselves  on  recalling 
what  has  been  said  of  the  primary  causes  of  the 
temperamental  condition  desired.  We  will,  however, 
repeat : 

(1).  Where  circumstances  permit,"  choose  for  resi- 
dence a  mild,  but  not  too  hot  and  dry  a  climate, 
where  abundant  exercise  in  the  open  air  will  be  prac- 
ticable and  pleasant,  and  adopt  some  occupation 
which  will  allow  such  exercise  to  be  taken  daily,  if  it 
be  not  found  in  the  occupation  itself,  avoiding,  by 
all  means,  sedentary  employments  and  exclusion 
from  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  sunlight.  Systematic 
gymnastic  exercises,  calculated  to  expand  the  chest 


78  The  Temperaments* 

and  increase  the  power  of  the  heart  and  lungs, 
should  be  taken  when  practicable.  Rest  and  sleep 
must  never  be  stinted,  and  the  system  never  over- 
tasked. 

(2).  A  nutritious  diet,  composed  of  easily  digested 
articles  of  food,  selected  from  both  the  animal  and 
the  vegetable  kingdoms ;  from  the  former,  beef  and 
mutton,  in  good  proportion  (provided  the  digestive 
system  will  permit),  fish  and  fresh  eggs;  and  from 
the  latter,  farinaceous  articles,  such  as  Graham  bread, 
oatmeal  in  various  forms,  rice,  tapioca,  cornmeal,  etc., 
avoiding  strong  acids  and  watery  vegetables.  In  all 
cases  the  healthful  action  of  the  digestive  organs  is 
all-important,  as  the  best  selection  of  food  will  be  of 
no  avail  where  the  assimilation  is  imperfect. 

(3).  Cheerful  companionship ;  pleasant  surround- 
ings ;  freedom  from  care ;  the  full  legitimate  satisfac- 
tion of  the  domestic  and  social  affections ;  and  in- 
tellectual activity,  without  hard  study  or  continuous 
application. 

4.  Counteractive  Agencies. — A  condition  of  body 
and  mind  so  conducive  to  enjoyment,  as  well  as  suc- 
cess in  life,  as  the  Vital  Temperament  has  been 
shown  to  be,  need  seldom,  it  would  seem,  to  be  sub- 
jected to  any  measures  calculated  to  counteract  its 
tendencies  or  restrain  its  full  activity;  nevertheless, 
even  the  Vital  constitution  may  be  in  excess,  and, 
being  so,  lead  to  grave  evils.  It  is  as  necessary, 
therefore,  here,  as  in  regard  to  the  other  Tempera- 
ments, to  consider  the  means  to  lessen  its  relative 
power,  or  to  modify  its  action.  The  most  powerful 
counteractive  agencies  are : 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.    79 

(1).  The  increased  activity  (leading  to  increased 
development)  of  the.  muscular  and  nervous  systems, 
fhrough  such  exercises  and  culture  as  are  best  cal- 
culated to  develop  their  strength  and  increase  their 
relative  influence  in  the  constitution.  Constant  mus- 
cular exercise ;  a  close  application  to  business ;  a 
systematic  study  of  some  scientific  subject ;  in  short, 
full  employment  for  both  mind  and  body,  will  tend 
to  increase  both  the  muscular  and  the  nervous  or 
mental  systems,  and  correspondingly  depress  the  too 
active  vital  powers.  Fat  and  carbonaceous  foods, 
puddings,  pastry,  butter,  sugar,  cream,  and  milk 
should  be  avoided,  and  a  less  stimulating  diet  of 
cooling  vegetables  and  acid  fruits,  with  lean  meats, 
be  substituted. 

(2).  Where  the  predominant  activity  of  the  social 
affections,  the  love  of  good  living  and  jovial  compan- 
ionship are  likely  to  lead  to  excesses  and  dissipations 
hurtful  alike  to  mind  and  body,  every  effort,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  means  suggested  in  the  preceding  para- 
graph, should  be  made  to  awaken  and  develop  the 
moral  sentiments,  and  especially  those  imparting  a 
sense  of  right  and  wrong,  self-respect  and  responsi- 
bility ;  thus  may  the  impulsive,  irrepressible  activities 
of  this  Temperament  be  turned  into  channels  of  in- 
nocent recreation  and  honorable  work,  if  not  into 
those  leading  to  great  and  heroic  deeds,  instead  of 
finding  their  gratification  in  the  paths  of  folly  and 
vice. 

The  proneness  of  persons  of  this  Temperament  to 
become  addicted  to  the  excessive  use  of  intoxicating 
drinks  and  to  gluttonous  habits,  should  be  impressed 


80  The  Temperaments. 

upon  the  minds  of  the  young  who  are  endowed  with 
its  superabundant  vitality,  impulse,  and  passion,  and 
habits  of  strict  control  over  appetite  be  early  estab- 
lished. 

III.— The  Mental  Temperament  (Fig.  16). 

Though  the  last  of  the  three  primary  Tempera- 
ments to  be  described,  this  stands  first  in  the  order 
of  influence,  the  constitutional  element  on  which  it 
depends  being  the  leading  one  in  the  organization 
of  the  civilized  man,  as  it  includes  the  brain,  as  well 
as  the  sympathetic,  sensory,  and  motor  nerves  asso- 
ciated with  it  in  mental  manifestation ;  and  it  has  far 
more  influence  upon  the  other  temperamental  condi- 
tions than  they  are  able  to  exert  upon  it. 

I.  Causes. — The  primary  causes  of  the  Mental 
Temperament  are  the  causes  of  human  elevation,  of 
intellectual  progress,  of  refinement,  of  literature  and 
art — in  short,  of  civilization.  Among  barbarous 
tribes  it  is  seldom  found,  and  among  savages  per- 
haps never.  It  is  generally  inherited  from  one  or 
both  of  the  parents,  but  may  be  superinduced  upon 
a  constitution  in  which  it  originally  held  a  secondary 
place,  by  means  of  a  course  of  training  directed  to 
that  end. 

(i).  By  studies  and  employments  calling  into  full 
and  continuous  activity  the  intellectual  faculties,  and 
especially  those  most  concerned  in  tracing  the  con- 
nection between  cause  and  effect  and  in  analytical 
and  synthetic  processes. 

(2).  By  association  with  cultivated  .people,  in  the 
midst  of  books,  pictures,  music,  and  other  refining 
influences. 


CARDINAL     MANNING. 
FIG.  l6. — THE   MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  X. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.   *8l 

(3).  By  a  diet  and  regimen  of  such  a  character  as 
to  foster  brain  rather  than  bone,  muscle,  or  fat — eggs, 
fish,  the  flesh  of  poultry,  nuts  and  cream  for  instance, 
as  foods. 

2.  Characteristics. — (1).  The  Mental  Temperament 
is  characterized  physically  by  a  frame  relatively 
slight,  and  a  head  relatively  large ;  an  oval  face ;  a 
high,  pale  forehead,  broadest  at  the  top ;  delicately 
cut  if  not  sharp  features;  an  expressive  countenance; 
a  delicate,  transparent  skin ;  fine,  soft  hair,  generally 
light  in  color  and  not  abundant ;  brilliant,  speaking 
eyes,  generally  gray  or  hazel,  and  quick  in  their 
movements ;  and  a  high-keyed,  flexible  voice.  The 
figure  is  often  elegant  and  graceful,  but  seldom  strik- 
ing or  commanding.  The  muscles  are  small,  but  well 
formed,  and  adapted  to  rapid  action,  rather  than  to 
strength.  Fineness  and  delicacy  characterize  the 
whole  structure ;  but  there  is  not  necessarily  any  lack 
of  real  stamina,  as  the  healthiness  and  longevity  of 
persons  of  this  constitution  (when  it  be  not  subjected 
to  great  abuse)  abundantly  show.  The  brain  is  the 
great  reservoir  of  power,  but  there  must  be  a  foun- 
tain of  vitality  behind  it,  from  which  it  may  draw. 
The  Mental  and  Vital  systems  are  closely  correlated 
and  act  and  re-act  upon  each  other  in  the  most  har- 
monious manner,  in  a  well-regulated  life,  but  may  be 
drawn  into  the  direst  antagonism  by  the  abuse  or 
abnormal  action  of  either. 

In  women  of  this  Temperament,  though  they  are 
often  very  beautiful,  there  is  a  decided  lack  of  the 
embonpoint  which  characterizes  the  Vital  Tempera- 
ment.     The  chest  and  bosom  are  only  moderately 

4* 


82  The  Temperaments: 

developed  and  the  pelvis  is  generally  comparatively 
narrow,  betokening  a  lesser  degree  of  adaptation  to 
the  distinctive  offices  of  the  sex,  than  in  the  preced- 
ing Temperaments. 

(2).  Mentally  this  Temperament  indicates  activity 
of  brain,  acuteness  of  the  senses,  and  intensity  of 
emotion.  The  feelings  are  refined,  the  taste  excel- 
lent, the  conceptions  vivid,  the  imagination  lively  and 
brilliant,  and  the  moral  sentiments  generally  active 
and  influential.  Persons  of  this  Temperament  gen- 
erally manifest  a  decided  taste  for  literature,  and 
especially  for  poetry,  love  the  fine  arts  and  the  beau- 
tiful in  all  its  innumerable  forms,  and  often  display 
great  talent  as  writers  and  artists,  if  not  absolute 
genius — it  being,  in  fact,  the  literary  and  artistic,  and 
particularly  the  poetic  Temperament.  As  the  coronal 
organs  of  the  brain  are  generally  largely  developed, 
and  the  basilar  organs  moderately  so,  good  taste, 
delicacy  of  feelings,  and  refined  manners  render  those 
in  whom  the  Mental  Temperament  is  influential,  ad- 
verse to  dissipation  and  degrading  vices,  and  they 
seldom  become  criminals,  drunkards,  or  debauchees ; 
but  when  they  do  give  themselves  up  to  a  career  of 
crime,  they  become  most  dangerous  enemies  to  so- 
ciety and  are  often  able  to  evade  justice  for  a  long 
time.  When  their  punishment  comes,  it  is  terrible, 
in  proportion  to  their  sensitiveness  and  capacity  for 
suffering. 

There  is  in  this  age,  and  especially  in  America,  an 
excessive  or  morbid  development  of  the  nervous 
system  which  is  most  inimical  to  health,  happiness, 
and  longevity.    It  prevails  particularly  among  women 


FIG.  17.— MISS   FRANCES   E.   WILLARD. 


FIG.  18.— CHAS.   H.    PAYNE,   D.D.,  L.L.  D. 

PHASES    OF    THE    MENTAL    TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE  W 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.     83 

(to  whom  even  in  its  normal  predominance  it  is 
less  proper  than  the  preceding),  and  answers  to  the 
Nervous  Temperament  of  the  old  classification.  It  is 
characterized  by  the  smallness  and  emaciation  of  the 
muscles,  the  quickness  and  intensity  of  the  sensa- 
tions, the  suddenness  and  fickleness  of  the  determina- 
tions, and  a  morbid  impressibility.  It  is  caused  by 
sedentary  habits ;  lack  of  bodily  exercise ;  a  prema- 
ture and  disproportionate  development  of  the  brain, 
through  a  false  system  of  education ;  the  immoderate 
use  of  tea  and  coffee  ;  late  hours ;  and  other  hurtful 
indigencies. 

3.  Means  of  Culture. — Since  the  brain  is  the  ruling 
element  in  the  Mental  Temperament,  it  is  naturally 
mainly  through  that  organ  that  it  is  to  be  effectively 
developed,  though  other  means  are  available  for  aux- 
iliary use  in  the  work  : 

(1).  Reading,  systematic  study,  devotion  to  intel- 
lectual pursuits,  habits  of  consecutive  thinking,  the 
study  and  practice  of  art  or  literature,  cultivated  soci- 
ety, and  pleasant  and  tasteful — if  possible,  beautiful — 
surroundings  are  among  the  instrumentalities,  acting 
directly  through  the  mind,  which  may  be  made  use 
of  to  promote  the  end  in  view. 

(2).  As  an  auxiliary  physical  influence,  a  diet  cal- 
culated to  nourish  nerve  and  brain  rather  than  bone 
and  muscle — such  articles  of  food  as  fish,  eggs,  the 
flesh  of  poultry  and  game,  nuts,  and  milk  are  among 
the  substances  to  be  selected — should  be  persever- 
ingly  adhered  to,  not  excluding,  however,  the  variety 
essential  to  health. 

4.  Counteractive  Agencies, — Where  it  is  necessary 


84  The  Temperaments, 

to  correct  a  tendency  to  excessive  mental  action, 
liable  to  result  in  exhaustion  and  disease,  the  means 
to  be  resorted  to  are,  in  part — 

(i).  A  partial  or,  temporarily,  an  entire  withdrawal 
from  active  mental  effort,  giving  the  brain  time  to 
rest  and  recuperate. 

(2).  Recreation  for  mind  and  body  in  travel,  in 
social  enjoyments,  and  in  various  outdoor  amuse- 
ments. 

(3).  The  sedulous  cultivation  of  the  vital  or  nutri- 
tive system,  for  the  purpose  of  developing  its  various 
organs,  and  of  giving  them  a  greater  relative  influ- 
ence in  the  constitution.  To  this  end  let  the  diet  and 
regimen  be  such  as  are  recommended  for  the  purpose 
in  Section  II. 

IV.— A  Balance  of  Temperaments  (Fig.  19). 

There  is  an  ideal  condition  to  which  the  ancients 
gave  the  name  of  Temper  amentum  tcmperatum — the 
Temperate  Temperament — in  which  all  the  constitu- 
tional elements — the  Motive,  the  Vital  and  the 
Mental,  or  the  Bilious,  the  Sanguine,  the  Lymphatic, 
and  the  Nervous — are  perfectly  in  equilibrium.  This 
is  constitutional  perfection.  It  has  perhaps  never 
yet  been  reached,  but  we  occasionally  meet  persons  in 
whom  there  is  so  close  an  approach  to  it  that  we  are 
accustomed  to  speak  of  them  as  having  a  Balanced 
or  Harmonious  Temperament,  it  being  difficult  to 
determine  which  element  is  in  predominance.  Wash- 
ington (Fig.  20),  in  his  prime,  seems  to  have  presented 
a  good  example  of  this  approximate  balance  of  the 


ROBERT    COLLYER. 

FIG.  19. — WELL-BALANCED    TEMPERAMENT, 
PLATE  XII 


The  Anatomical  View  of  tlie  Temperaments.       85 

temperamental  elements.  Later  in  life  thelymphatic 
system  appears  to  have  assumed  a  larger  degree  of  in- 
fluence, indisposing  him  to  all  ambitious  aspirations, 
as  well  as  to  all  unnecessary  exertion  of  body  01 
mind. 

With  a  balance  of  temperamental  conditions,  we 
find  a  well-developed,  symmetrical  body ;  shapely 
limbs;  regular  features;  an  evenly-formed  cranium, 
with  no  sharp  protuberances  ;  a  strong,  regular  pulse  ; 
a  complexion  often  rather  dark,  but  sometimes  fair ; 
brown  hair,  and  gray,  hazel,  or  brown  eyes. 

Mentally  the  same  harmonious  relations  between 
the  various  faculties  prevail.  The  vivacity,  quick- 
ness, impulsiveness,  and  ardor  of  the  Vital  Tempera- 
ment are. modified  by  the  cooler,  slower,  and  more 
persistent  Motive  or  Bilious  element,  and  refined  and 
elevated  by  the  largely-developed  mental  constitu- 
tion, while  the  intellectual  force,  taste,  refinement, 
and  delicacy  of  the  Mental  Temperament  are  imbued 
with  warmth  and  vigor  by  the  powerful  Vital  system, 
and  made  steadfast,  enduring,  and  practical  by  the 
influential  Motive  development.  Persons  so  consti- 
tuted have  a  symmetrical,  many-sided  character,  can 
do  many  things  equally  well,  and  are  fitted  to  fill, 
with  honor  to  themselves  and  usefulness  to  society, 
almost  any  position  in  life  ;  and  they  will  generally 
keep  on  the  even  tenor  of  their  way,  regardless  of  the 
trifling  obstacles  or  the  temporary  attractions  which 
turn  less  firmly  established  characters  out  of  their 
proper  course.  The  time  may  come  in  the  great  future, 
so  pregnant  with  wonderful  possibilities,  when  this 
harmonious  development  of  person  and  character  will 


86  The  Temperaments, 

be  the  prevailing  one,  and  all  lack  of  perfect  balance 
in  either  body  or  mind  be  accounted  abnormal. 

V. — Compound  Temperaments. 

We  have  described  in  this  chapter  three  Tempera- 
ments, which,  as  therein  defined,  present  an  exhaust- 
ive analysis  of  the  human  constitution,  for,  unless 
we  admit  the  reality  of  the  ideal  condition  just  re- 
ferred to  as  the  Balanced  Temperament,  there  must  in 
each  individual  case  be  a  predominance  of  one  or  the 
other  of  the  three  systems  of  organs  on  which  the  Tem- 
peraments are  founded,  and  it  is  that  predominance 
which  determines  the  constitutional  tendency,  which 
is  tempered  or  modified  by  the  other  elements  in  pro- 
portion to  the  development  and  activity  of  each. 
Practically,  however,  it  is  sometimes  convenient  to 
consider  the  Temperaments  as  compounded,  and  to 
give  definite  names  to  the  conditions  recognized  to 
exist  in  consequence  of  certain  combinations.  For 
instance,  two  of  the  constitutional  elements  may  be 
strongly  developed,  and  nearly,  but  not  quite,  equal 
in  their  influence,  while  the  third  is  comparatively 
weak.  The  two  strong  elements  then  determine  the 
compound,  which  we  name  by  placing  first  the  desig- 
nation of  the  dominant  one  followed  by  that  of  the 
next  in  power.  In  this  way  we  may,  with  some  prac- 
tical advantage,  perhaps,  form  six  Compound  Tem- 
peraments, as  follows : 

i.  The  Motive-Vital  Temperament; 

2.  The  Motive-Mental  Temperament ; 

3.  The  Vital-Motive  Temperament ; 

4.  The  Vital-Mental  Temperament ; 


FIG.    20. — GEORGE   WASHINGTON. 


KIG.    21. — JRNNY    LTND. 

PHASES  OF  WELL-BALANCED  TEMPERAMENT 
PLATE  XIII. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.      &? 

5.  The  Mental-Motive  Temperament ;  and 

6.  The  Mental- Vital  Temperament. 

The  names  of  these  Compound  -Temperaments 
sufficiently  indicate  their  character.  The  Motive- 
Vital  and  the  Vital-Motive  differ  but  little,  com- 
paratively— the  name  placed  first,  as  we  have  said,  in 
either  case,  indicating  the  stronger  influence ;  and 
the  same  remark  applies  to  the  Motive-Mental  and 
the"  Mental-Motive,  and  to  the  Vital-Mental  and  to 
the  Mental- Vital.     . 

1.  The  Motive-Vital  Temperament  (Fig.  22). — For 
mere  animal  power,  this  is  the  combination  that  would 
be  desired  above  all  others.  Bone  and  muscle  fully 
developed  ;  strongly-hinged  joints ;  ligaments  of  iron 
and  tendons  of  steel ;  broad  shoulders ;  full  chest ; 
abundant  vitality ;  firmness,  toughness,  steadiness, 
and  activity  all  combined.  There  may  be  awkward- 
ness, but  there  must  be  immense  capacity  for  hard 
work,  great  endurance,  and  the  necessary  persever- 
ance to  carry  out  any  movement  or  enterprise  once 
commenced. 

This  combination  is  not  an  intellectual  one ;  but 
while  there  will  be  little  taste  for  literature  or  art, 
and  no  love  of  study,  or  even  of  reading,  there  may 
be  much  practical  business  talent,  clear  perceptions, 
and  a  cool,  sound  judgment,  in  ordinary  every-day 
affairs.  Many  excellent  people  have  this  Tempera- 
ment, as  well  as  some  of  the  most  depraved  of 
criminals.  Strong  passions,  envy,  hate,  revenge,  and 
cruelty  characterize  it  in  its  worst  aspects,  when  un- 
restrained by  the  moral  faculties  and  unrefined  by 
an  influential  development  of  the  mental  system. 


88  The  Temperaments, 

Pugilists,  sailors,  soldiers,  farmers,  and  others  whose 
pursuits  necessitate  much  muscular  exercise  in  the 
open  air,  often  have  the  Motive-Vital  Temperament. 

2.  The  Motive-Mental  Temperament  (Fig.  23). — 
Supposing  the  motive  system  still  dominant,  we  now 
substitute  for  the  Vital  or  nutritive  element,  as  next 
in  order  of  influence,  the  Mental  constitution,  the  for- 
mer being  subordinate  to  both,  though  not  necessarily 
weak.  This  combination  gives  us  intellectual  power, 
combined  with  bodily  strength,  toughness,  and  en- 
durance. The  figure  is  slenderer  than  in  the  Motive- 
Vital  Temperament,  but  tough,  wiry,  and  active. 
The  features  are  prominent,  often  homely,  but  never 
mean  or  vulgar-looking,  having  the  stamp  of  intel- 
ligence, if  not  refinement,  upon  them.  The  hair  and 
complexion  are  generally  rather  dark,  and  the  eyes 
brown  or  gray.  The  pose  of  the  body  is  firm,  the 
walk  rapid  and  energetic,  and  the  elocution  clear, 
distinct,  and  forcible. 

Persons  of  this  temperamental  combination  are 
clear-headed,  vigorous  thinkers,  and  bold,  energetic, 
and  persevering  in  action.  Their  strong  passions  are 
not  always  well  controlled,  but  the  restraining  in- 
fluences of  the  aesthetic  faculties  and  moral  senti- 
ments are  stronger  than  in  the  Motive- Vital  organ- 
ization. Solid  learning,  grave  and  earnest  feelings, 
practical  talent,  ambition,  desire,  and  ability  to  lead 
in  great  undertakings,  and  to  rise  to  eminence  in 
the  spheres  of  active  life  and  scientific  investigation, 
characterize  their  mental  constitution,  which  is  that 
of  some  of  the  greatest  men  that  the  world  has  ever 
produced — warriors,  explorers,  engineers,  navigators, 


FIG.  23.—  MOTIVE-MENTAL.      JOHN   ORTON. 

PLATE  XIV. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.      89 

and  men  of  action  generally,  while  being  men  of 
thought  at  the  same  time — capable  alike  of  planning 
and  of  executing  great  enterprises.  It  is  a  very 
common  one  among  Americans,  especially  those 
whose  pursuits  are  of  an  active  character,  and  who 
have  not  been  subjected  to  premature  and  excessive 
mental  culture. 

3.  The  Vital-Motive  Temperament  (Fig.  24).  —  A 
large,  broadly-developed  body;  broad  shoulders; 
thick  neck ;  muscular  and  strong-jointed,  but  rounded 
limbs,  combined  with  prominent  features ;  a  some- 
what harsh  expression,  coarse  hair,  ruddy  complexion 
(if  of  the  Caucasian  race),  and  strong  and  rapid,  but 
seldom  graceful  movements,  characterize  this  com- 
bination. There  will  be  great  capacity  for  hard 
work,  a  strong  love  for  outdoor  muscular  exercise, 
and  an  invincible  repugnance  to  confinement  and 
restraint.  The  Vital  element  predominating,  there 
may  be  considerable  vivacity  and  impulsiveness, 
much  restrained,  however,  by  the  cooler  and  more 
equable  tendencies  imparted  by  the  Motive  element. 
The  talent  displayed  by  persons  of  this  Temperament 
will  never  be  showy  or  brilliant,  but  of  a  practical 
character,  and  manifested  in  business  or  work,  rather 
than  in  literary  expression.  Good  common  sense 
and  ability  to  manage  well,  rather  than  a  display  of 
superficial  accomplishments,  mark  the  mental  charac- 
ter. Morally,  persons  of  this  constitutional  com- 
bination have  generally  strong  passions  and  active 
appetites  to  contend  against,  and  are  liable  to  be  led 
into  dissipation,  intemperance,  and  crime,  through 
their  strong  animality,  unless  the  moral  sentiments 


90  The  Temperaments, 

be  well  developed,  and  the  restraining  influences  of 
cultivated  society  and  religious  training  shall  hold 
the  lower  nature  in  check.  Savages,  and  unlettered 
men  in  civilized  society,  frequently  possess  this  tem- 
peramental condition,  but  it  is  also  found  in  the 
higher  social  spheres. 

4.  The  Vital-Mental  Temperament  (Fig.  25). — In  this 
combination  we  find  a  plump,  well-rounded  figure ;  a 
full  and  rather  large  face  ;  handsome  features,  not  very 
prominent,  but  well-defined  and  often  regular;  com- 
plexion fair  and  rosy ;  eyes  blue ;  hair  yellow,  light 
brown,  or  auburn  ;  expression  lively,  ardent,  and  ami- 
able. It  sometimes  exists  in  men,  but  oftener  in 
women,  to  whom  it  imparts  many  lovable  traits  — 
peculiarly  desirable  in  the  fair  sex — warm  affections, 
kindness,  amiability,  and  liveliness,  combined  with 
personal  beauty  and  grace.  It  is  a  pleasure-loving 
Temperament,  however,  and  its  vigorous  appetites 
and  active  passions  often  require  strong  restraining 
agencies  to  keep  them  under  proper  control.  Men  of 
this  constitution  are  suited  to  active  outdoor  employ- 
ments, and,  if  well  educated,  make  good  public  speak- 
ers, though  they  will  not  be  noted  for  solid  acquire- 
ments, thorough  investigation,  or  deep  thought ;  be- 
ing rather  brilliant  and  showy  than  sound  and  origi- 
nal. In  their  speaking  and  writing  they  are  generally 
fluent,  and  often  florid  and  somewhat  verbose.  They 
are  rapid,  but  graceful  in  their  motions,  and  gesticulate 
much  in  speaking. 

5.  The  Mental-Motive  Temperament  (Fig.  26). — 
Persons  of  this  Temperament  are  characterized  by  a 
tall  and  rather  spare  figure,  somewhat  inclined  to  an- 


FIG.  24. — VITAL-MOTIYE.      DAVID  DAVIS. 


FIG.  25. — VITAL-MENTAL.      QUEEN   EMMA. 

COMPOUND     TEMPERAMENTS 
PLATE  XV. 


The  Anatomical  View  of  the  Temperaments.      91 

gularity,  but  often  dignified  and  striking  in  appear- 
ance, and  firm  and  upright  in  pose.  The  features  are 
generally  rather  prominent,  but  clearly  cut  and  re- 
fined ;  the  expression  serious  and  grave ;  the  eyes 
gray,  hazel,  or  brown  ;  the  hair  generally  light  brown  ; 
the  complexion  often  brilliant  (brown  on  the  cheeks, 
but  paler  on  the  forehead) ;  the  voice  clear,  high- 
keyed,  and  flexible ;  and  the  walk  firm  and  direct. 

With  a  fair  development  of  the  Vital  system,  this 
temperamental  combination  gives  an  assurance  of  in- 
tellectual power,  combined  with  executive  ability, 
fitting  its  possessor  for  the  achievement  of  notable  suc- 
cess, either  in  literature,  the  arts  and  sciences,  or  in 
the  more  active  pursuits  of  life  ;  though  there  is  some- 
times a  lack  of  balance  in  the  mental  organization 
which  leads  to  fruitless  efforts  and  a  sad  waste  of  tal- 
ent and  energy.  The  reflective  faculties  generally 
predominate  over  the  perceptives,  giving  excellent 
planning  ability,  discrimination,  sound  judgment,  and 
forecaste.  Those  who  possess  it  manifest  great  fond- 
ness for  literature  of  the  graver  and  more  solid  kind, 
a  love  of  scientific  studies  and  pursuits,  and  generally 
superior  talents  as  thinkers,  writers,  and  workers  in 
their  chosen  spheres.  It  is  the  organization  best 
adapted  to  authorship,  and  counts  among  its  possess- 
ors many  of  the  most  eminent  literary  men  of  all  ages 
and  nations.  The  moral  tone  is  generally  high,  the 
animal  propensities  being  relatively  weak,  and  in  sub- 
jection to  the  intellect  and  the  higher  sentiments. 

6.  The  Mental-Vital  Temperament  (Fig.  27). — This 
organization  combines  so  many  desirable  qualities  of 
body  and  mind  that  one  is  mclined  to  envy  its  fortunate 


92  The  Temperaments. 

possessors ;  but  the  world  does  not  find  among  their, 
its  greatest  leaders  and  benefactors.  They  are  more 
exalted,  amiable,  and  brilliant  than  solid,  strong,  firm, 
and  persistent.  In  person,  they  are  rather  below  the 
average  in  stature ;  moderately  full  in  form  and  face  ; 
and  with  well-proportioned,  tapering  limbs.  The 
features  are  not  prominent,  but  well-defined,  and 
often  very  regular  and  handsome.  The  expression 
is  full  of  intelligence,  sweetness,  and  sympathy.  The 
complexion  is  fair,  the  hair  brown  or  auburn,  and  the 
eyes  gray  or  blue.  An  active  brain,  versatility  of  tal- 
ent, literary  and  artistic  tastes,  strong  domestic  and 
social  feelings,  exalted  moral  and  religious  sentiments, 
and  great  amiability,  benevolence,  tenderness,  and 
purity  of  character  generally  characterize  the  mental 
manifestations  of  this  Temperament  ;  but  it  lacks 
the  force,  directness,  and  energy  of  the  mental-motive 
organization.  It  is  not  confined  to  the  fair  sex,  but 
is  more  common  among  women  than  among  men. 
In  either  sex  it  generally  gives  a  clear,  active,  ver- 
satile mind  ;  much  good  nature ;  warm  affections, 
and  great  moral  worth,  together  with  a  full  share  of 
vital  stamina  and  beauty  of  person.  Orators,  poets, 
novelists,  and  artists,  though  not  the  greatest  of 
either,  have  had  this  combination  of  temperamental 
conditions. 


TEMPERAMENT   AND   CONFIGURATION. 

In  our  brief  synoptical  description  of  the  various 
Temperaments  in  previous  chapters,  we  have  spoken 
in  a  general  way  of  the  configuration  of  the  body  and 
the  features  of  the  face  peculiar  to  each  ;  but  it  will 
be  profitable,  as  greatly  aiding  in  the  practical  appli- 
cation of  the  knowledge  we  have  endeavored  to  im- 
part, to  enter  somewhat  more  into  detail  upon  several 
of  the  more  important  points  involved  in  the  delinea- 
tion of  Temperaments,  and  among  the  rest  the  rela- 
tions existing  between  constitutional  qualities  and 
external  forms. 

It  may  be  unnecessary,  but,  at  worst,  it  will  do  no 
harm,  to  again  caution  the  reader  against  falling  into 
the  error  of  assuming  that  any  general  rule  that  we, 
or  any  one,  can  give,  or  any  detailed  description,  will 
apply  in  every  particular  to  all  cases  which  may  come 
under  observation.  The  numerous  combinations  of 
which  the  primary  elements  of  Temperament  are 
susceptible,  and  the  difficulty  of  determining  accu- 
rately the  relative  influence  of  each  in  the  organiza- 
tion, should  make  even  the  experienced  student  of 
physiology  and  of  mental  science  exceedingly  careful 
in  his  comparison  of  the  different  characteristics,  and 
put  him  on  his  guard  against  deciding  upon  a  Tem- 
perament by  any  one  indication  or  class  of  indications 

(93) 


94  The   Temperaments. 

alone.  The  general  configuration  of  the  body  may 
seem  to  indicate  one  Temperament,  while  the  features 
or  the  complexion  may  as  clearly  point  to  another ;  the 
eyes  and  the  hair  may  plainly  contradict  each  other ; 
and  even,  as  is  not  infrequently  the  case,  the  hair  of 
the  head  and  the  beard  may  symbolize  opposite 
mental  and  temperamental  traits.  These  are  depart- 
ures from  the  symmetry  and  homogeneousness  which 
should,  theoretically,  characterize  an  organism,  and 
are  due  to  inharmonious  crosses  and  other  disturbing 
causes,  generally  pre-natal  in  their  action.  A  full 
knowledge  of  all  the  circumstances,  including  both 
hereditary  transmission  and  external  influences,  act- 
ing after  birth,  not  always  readily  attainable,  would, 
no  doubt,  explain  all  seeming  inconsistencies.  In 
the  meantime,  it  is  not  wise  to  lose  faith  in  general 
laws  because  we  can  not  account  for  all  observed  ap- 
parent exceptions. 

I.— Configuration  in  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment (Figs.  28  to  31). 

As  the  Motive  Temperament  depends  upon  the 
predominance  of  the  locomotive  apparatus,  consist- 
ing of  the  bones,  muscles,  and  ligaments  which  form 
the  framework  of  the  body,  we  may  naturally  expect 
here  the  most  definite,  strongly  expressed,  and  prom- 
inent contours,  and  such,  in  fact,  we  find.  The  bones 
are  large,  long  rather  than  broad,  and  much  bulged 
at  the  joints,  forming  a  tall  and  striking  rather  than 
an  elegant  figure,  characterized  by  angularity  rather 
than  roundness,  and  giving,  with  the  help  of  the 
strong,  wiry  muscles,  an  impression  of  strength  rather 


FIG.   26.— MENTAL-MOTIVE.      ELIHU    BURRITT. 


r:G.  '27.— MENTAL-VITAL.      DUTCHESS    MARIE    OF    SAXONY. 

COMPOUND     TEMPERAMENTS. 

PLATE  XVI. 


Temperament  and  Configuration.  95 

than  of  grace  or  refined  beauty.  The  face,  from 
which,  mainly,  we  must  draw  our  illustrations,  is,  in 
the  full  front  view,  oblong,  as  in  Fig.  30,  approaching, 
in  some  cases,  as  in  Fig.  29,  to  the  rectilinear,  the 
latter  being  an  exclusively  masculine  type.  The  feat- 
ures are  prominent,  presenting  in  profile  strong 
angularities  and  abrupt  curves,  as  shown  in  the  out- 
line (Fig.  28)  and  in  the  portrait.  In  the  latter,  how- 
ever, in  consequence  of  the  strength  and  pre- 
dominance of  the  mental  element,  which,  in  propor- 
tion to  its  influence  in  the  constitution,  modifies  the 
frontal  outlines  by  giving  more  expansion  to  the  fore- 
head, there  is  less  harshness  in  the  contours  than  in  the 
Motive  physiognomy  not  thus  softened.  A  more  in- 
fluential admixture  of  the  Vital  element  imparts  a 
greater  relative  breadth  to  the  lower  part  of  the  face, 
and  a  more  rounded  outline,  in  which  is  indicated 
immense  physical  power,  toughness,  and  endurance, 
with  a  corresponding  force  of  character  and  intel- 
lectual efficiency. 

In  strict  harmony  with  the  head,  face,  and  body, 
the  hands  (Fig.  31)  of  persons  in  whom  the  Motive 
Temperament  is  fully  developed,  are  long  and  bony, 
with  prominent  joints  and  strong  ligaments — hands 
of  action  and  power,  whose  grasp  is  firm  and  as- 
suring, and  whose  blows  are  hard  and  unerring,  care- 
less alike  of  hurting  and  of  being  hurt.  The  clasp 
of  such  a  hand  can  generally  be  trusted  in  pledge  of 
friendship  or  love.  Beware  of  it  if  lifted  against  you 
in  enmity.     The  feet  are  of  similar  structure. 


g6  The  Temperaments. 

II.  — Configuration    in   the  Vital   Tempera- 
ment (Figs.  32  to  35). 

The  predominance  of  the  nutritive  system,  oc- 
cupying the  great  cavities  of  the  trunk,  which 
furnishes  the  physical  basis  of  the  Vital  Tempera- 
ment, tends  to  give  breadth  and  thickness  to  the 
body  as  a  whole,  and  to  all  its  individual  members. 
Its  most  striking  characteristic,  therefore,  is  plump- 
ness or  rotundity.  The  figure,  though  its  stature 
may  be  above  the  medium,  does  not  appear  tall,  but 
leaves  the  impression  of  fullness  and  symmetry. 
Looking  at  the  head  and  face  from  the  front  we  get 
an  outline  closely  approaching  the  circular,  as  in  Fig. 
32.  The  portraits  of  distinguished  men  furnish  no 
examples  belonging  strictly  to  this  class,  though 
many  noted  persons  have  presented  contours  more 
or  less  closely  approaching  the  typical  form;  the  face 
proper  having  the  necessary  roundness,  but  the  ele- 
vation of  the  forehead,  consequent  upon  prominent 
mentality,  modifying  very  strikingly  the  outlines  of 
the  whole  facial  expanse,  as  seen  in  Fig.  31.  Napoleon 
and  Peter  the  Great  were  notable  examples  of  thi= 
modification  of  the  round  form  of  face,  their  Tem- 
perament being  Mental-Vital.  Sometimes  the  lower 
nature  gets  the  mastery,  or  a  diseased  condition  of 
the  lymphatic  system  gives  a  flabby  fullness  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  face. 

A  side  view  of  the  head  and  face  gives  the  charac- 
teristic curves  of  this  temperamental  condition  as 
plainly  as  the  front,  the  features  all  being  more  or 
less  gracefully  rounded,  as  shown  in  Fig.  35. 


FIG.  28.— PROFILE. 


FIG.  29.— J.  D.  B.  DE  BOW. 


FIG.  31. — HAND. 


FIG.  30. — WM.  REEVES,  D.D. 


CONFIGURATION     OF     THE     MOTIVE. 


PLATE  XVII. 


Temperament  and  Configuration.  97 

In  the  profile  of  Franklin,  as  he  appeared  in  old 
age  (Fig.  15),  we  have  an  illustration  of  both  the 
modifications  referred  to  in  the  preceding  paragraph 
— the  predominating  intellectuality  in  the  frontal 
region  of  the  cranium,  and  an  abnormal  lymphatic 
condition  of  the  physical  system  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  face. 

The  hand  (Fig.  34)  in  this  Temperament  is  broad 
and  full  rather  than  long.  The  palm  is  round  and  soft ; 
and  the  fingers  plump  and  tapering ;  the  veins,  arteries, 
and  tendons  invisible ;  and  the  whole  organ  symmetri- 
cal, and,  though  rather  heavy,  not  large  in  proportion 
to  the  other  parts  of  the  body.  Its  grasp  is  soft,  warm, 
and  hearty,  but  not  always  so  trustworthy  in  time 
of  trial  as  that  of  the  more  homely  long  hand.  It  is 
the  hand  of  vivacity  and  versatility,  and  loves  its 
ease  and  cherishes  its  softness  and  flexibility  too 
much  to  be  fond  of  rude  labors  or  of  dealing  deadly 
blows.  It  prefers  the  pen  to  the  sword,  and  may 
write  with  fervor  and  brilliancy,  but  hardly  with 
great  strength  of  style  or  originality  of  thought. 

III.— Configuration  in  the  Mental  Tempera- 
ment (Figs.  36  to  39). 

In  this  Temperament,  the  brain  and  nervous  sys- 
tem being  predominant,  the  bones  and  muscles  are 
comparatively  thin,  and  the  vital  organs  less  volumi- 
nous than  in  either  of  the  other  Temperaments. 
The  frame  is  therefore  slight,  and  the  stature  gen- 
erally below  the  medium,  and  calculated  to  exhibit 
elegance  and  grace  rather  than  dignity  and  force. 
5 


98  The  Temperaments. 

The  chief  seat  and  center  of  this  constitution  being 
within  the  dome  of  the  cranium,  the  head  is  rela- 
tively large,  and  the  expansion  of  the  superior  parts 
of  the  face,  including  the  forehead,  give  a  pyriform 
or  pear-shaped  outline,  as  so  strikingly  shown  in  the 
accompanying  portraits  (Figs.  36  and  37).  This  is 
the  literary,  artistic,  and  particularly  the  poetic  form 
of  face,  as  illustrated  in  Shakespeare,  Dante,  Ten- 
nyson, Keats,  Rubens,  Flaxman,  and  many  others. 

In  profile,  the  pyriform  face  presents  lines  less 
angular  than  those  of  the  oblong  or  Motive  form, 
and  less  rounded  than  those  of  the  circular  or  Vital 
form,  but  finer  and  more  delicate  than  either.  Such 
faces  are  not  necessarily  beautiful,  in  the  ordinary 
conception  of  that  term,  but  there  is  always  an  un- 
definable  air  of  refinement  and  spirituality  about 
them  not  observed  in  any  other  form. 

Where  such  outlines  as  we  have  here  described 
and  illustrated  are  observed  in  the  faces  of  children 
(which  should  have  the  round  or  Vital  configuration) 
they  indicate  a  strong  inherited  predisposition  to  the 
Mental  Temperament,  likely,  unless  counteracted  by 
the  judicious  cultivation  of  the  vital  and  motive  ele- 
ments of  the  constitution  (the  mental  meanwhile 
being  held  in  as  passive  a  condition  as  possible),  to 
result  in  an  intellectual  precociousness  hurtful  in  the 
extreme  to  mind  and  body  alike  and  often  fatal  to 
the  latter. 

The  small  bones,  thin  muscles,  and  slight  articula- 
tions characteristic  of  the  Mental  Temperament,  are 
particularly  noticeable  in  the  hand  (Fig.  39),  which 
is  slender  and  often  graceful,  expressive  of  delicacy 


FIG.   33. — ABRAHAM  DP.  SOLA. 


IG.  32. — CATHARINE    ALEXIEONA. 


FIG.  34. — HAND. 


FIG.  35.— PROFILE. 

CONFIGURATION   OF  THE  VITAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  XVIII. 


Temperament  and  Configuration. 


99 


and  refinement.  It  is  not  well  adapted  to  heavy 
labor,  and  shrinks,  as  a  matter  of  taste,  from  contact 
with  the  sword-hilt,  though  a  high  moral  sentiment 
of  patriotism  or  of  religion  may  overcome  the  peace- 
ful instinct  and  give  it  the  subtle,  but  strong,  stimulus 
of  brain-power  to  make  its  blows  like  strokes  of 
lightning.  It  is  naturally  artistic,  poetic,  and  exclu- 
sive, having  a  friendly  grasp  for  a  few  and  a  tender, 
loving  clasp  for  one. 


SIR   JOHN  LUBBOCK.— MENTAL-MOTIVE. 


VI. 

TEMPERAMENT  AND  COLOR. 

The  different  shades  of  the  complexion  and  the 
color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  beard,  furnish  important 
indications  of  temperamental  conditions,  and  may, 
with  advantage  to  the  reader,  be  here  more  fully  elu- 
cidated ;  though  the  subject  is  one  which  has  been  too 
little  investigated  to  afford  an  extensive  array  of  facts 
or  to  warrant  many  positive  deductions.  To  go  into 
any  elaborate  discussion  of  the  philosophy  of  color, 
moreover,  were  that  not  otherwise  inexpedient, 
would  lead  us  too  far  away  from  the  practical  end* 
we  have  in  view  and  needlessly  complicate  our  sub- 
ject. We  shall,  therefore,  confine  our  preliminary 
enunciation  to  the  single  generally  accepted  physio- 
logical and  physiognomical  principle,  that  dark  colors, 
whether  found  in  the  skin,  the  eyes;  or  the  hair,  in- 
dicate power,  and  light  colors  delicacy,  the  general 
law  being  subject  to  the  modifications  of  race,  cli- 
mate, and  other  circumstances.  Our  remarks  in  this 
chapter  will  refer  to  the  Caucasian  race,  leaving  the 
ethnological  peculiarities  of  Temperament  to  be  dis- 
cussed in  another  chapter. 

I. — The  Melanic  Element  in  Temperament 
(Figs.  40  to  42). 

It  is  the  bilious  element  in  the  constitution  that 
imparts  the  dark  hues,  while  the  sanguine  gives  us 
(100) 


FIG.  36.— RACHEL 


^         <& 


y 


FIG.    1». — PROFILK. 


FIG.  39.— HAND. 

CONFIGURATION   OF  THE  MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  XIX. 


Temperament  and  Color.  101 

the  red  and  blue,  and  the  nervous  the  white.  Where 
the  liver  and  its  closely  associated  organs  predomi- 
nate in  influence,  we  find  dark  complexions,  or  at  least 
dark  hair  and  eyes ;  the  ascendency  of  the  arterial 
system  and  the  lungs  manifests  itself  in  a  florid  skin 
and  blue  eyes ;  and  dominant  mentality  is  generally 
associated  with  gray  eyes  and  a  complexion  interme- 
diate between  the  two  others,  the  colors  exhibited 
being  due  to  the  combination,  in  varying  proportions, 
of  the  dark  and  the  light  elements. 

The  dark  bilious  or  melanic  element,  though  in  the 
light-skinned  branches  of  the  Caucasian  race  more 
generally  associated  with  the  Motive  Temperament,  is 
by  no  means  confined  to  it,  being  found  in  numerous 
instances  in  connection  with  a  large  and  influential 
development  of  the  vital  system,  as  in  Webster 
and  Napoleon.  In  both  these  celebrated  men  there 
was  a  marked  predominance  of  the  nutritive  over 
the  osseous  and  muscular  systems,  and  yet  both 
had  dark  eyes  and  hair  and  a  dark  complexion — in 
the  former,  swarthy;  in  the  latter,  olive  or  tawny. 
The  domination  of  the  brain  in  both  these  cases  does 
not  affect  the  principle,  since  the  coloring  matters 
come  alone  from  the  organs  concerned  in  the  func- 
tions of  mere  animal  life,  the  nervous  system  (includ- 
ing the  brain),  as  we  have  said,  expressing  itself  in 
palor  or  whiteness. 

Turning  our  attention  to  the  Celtic  or  darker 
branch  of  the  Caucasian  race,  we  find  the  melanic 
element  very  generally  associated  with  both  the  Mo- 
tive and  Vital  Temperaments,  and  giving,  in  combina- 
tion, a  darker  hue  to  the  Mental.     Especially  is  this 


102  The  Temperaments. 

the  case  with  the  Spanish  peoples  in  Europe  and 
America,  who  are  almost  universally  dark-complex- 
ioned, with  black  hair  and  eyes. 

On  the  other  hand,  no  close  observer  of  personal 
peculiarities,  whether  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
Temperaments  or  not,  can  have  failed  to  note  cases 
in  which  the  strong,  bony,  angular  frame,  prominent 
features,  and  firm,  decided  movements,  characteristic 
of  the  Motive  Temperament,  are  conjoined  with  a 
florid  complexion,  light  hair  (especially  red  or  auburn), 
and  blue  eyes.  It  is  the  sanguine  element  of  the 
Vital  Temperament  manifesting  itself  in  a  single 
characteristic  or  group  of  characteristics,  while  in  en- 
tire subordination  elsewhere ;  and  the  same  remark 
will  apply  to  those  not  infrequent  instances  in  which 
the  beard  is  light,  while  the  hair  is  dark ;  or  where 
blue  eyes  are  seen  in  a  brunette ;  or  red  or  yellow 
hair  accompanies  black  or  brown  eyes.  These  are  all 
cases  in  which  the  action  of  a  general  law  is  modified 
by  the  intervention  of  some  special  cause,  such  as  the 
crossing  of  different  families  or  races,  pre-natal  im- 
pressions, etc. 

In  regard  to  red  hair,  observation  has  convinced  us 
that  it  is  closely  related,  both  physiologically  and  as 
a  sign  of  Temperament  and  character,  to  black  hair. 
In  the  crosses  of  the  Negro  with  the  Caucasian,  black 
hair  is  the  most  persistent  sign  of  the  dark  blood, 
holding  its  place  after  all  trace  of  the  African  taint 
has  disappeared  from  the  complexion,  and  never 
furnishing  examples  of  even  the  darkest  brown,  much 
less  of  yellow,  but  even  in  mulattoes  (half-bloods) 
red  hair  or  wool  not  very  infrequently  appears.     Of 


Temperament  and  Color.  103 

this  we  have  observed  several  instances  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  and  elsewhere. 

Returning  now  to  the  consideration  of  the  melanic 
element  in  Temperament,  we  observe  that  in  the 
white  races  it  indicates  the  bilious  constitution,  and 
manifests  itself  in  dark  (often  black)  hair  and  eyes, 
and  a  brown,  tawny,  or  swarthy  complexion,  and  that 
the  Motive  Temperament  has,  very  generally  among 
us,  this  feature,  as  it  has  others,  in  common  with  the 
Bilious. 

In  the  melanic  or  dark  variety  of  the  Motive  Tem- 
perament (which  we  denominate  the  Bilious-Motive) 
the  features  are  harsher  and  more  sharply  outlined 
than  in  the  light  or  xanthous  type,  so  that,  in  general, 
the  complexion  and  color  of  the  hair  and  eyes  can  be 
pretty  accurately  determined  by  an  examination  of  a 
correct  uncolored  portrait,  especially  in  profile. 

Fig.  40  is  a  striking,  but  by  no  means  an  attractive 
portrait,  which  may  be  referred  to  in  illustration 
of  the  statement  just  made.  We  never  saw  the 
original.  All  that  we  know  of  him,  beyond  what  the 
picture  tells  us,  is  that  he  was  a  ruthless  desperado, 
and  the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers,  who  was  finally 
captured  and  suffered  "  the  extreme  penalty  of  the 
law."  We  are  told  nothing  of  his  Temperament,  or 
of  the  color  of  his  hair  and  eyes,  or  the  tint  of  his 
complexion.  There  was  little  need  to  tell  us  any- 
thing on  these  points.  None  but  black  or  dark  brown 
eyes  could,  without  a  palpable  incongruity,  have 
looked  out  beneath  those  shaggy  eyebrows,  and  no 
other  color  than  black  would  have  suited  that  coarse, 
bushy   hair  and    beard,  and    those  strong,  not  ill- 


104  The  Temperaments. 

formed,  yet  unlovely  features,  could  have  fitly  worn 
no  hue  but  a  swarthy  one.  The  profile  of  the  Bedouin 
(Fig.  41)  indicates  the  same  constitutional  condition 
and  similar  melanic  hues ;  and  a  list  of  the  world's 
great  warriors,  and  vanquishers  of  obstacles  generally, 
in  all  the  spheres  of  active  life — the  exponents  of 
power,  of  mind  and  body — from  Caesar  to  Napoleon, 
would  embrace  few  names  of  men  who  have  not 
been  tempered  by  a  large  admixture  of  this  element, 
dominated  over  invariably  by  a  well -developed 
brain. 

The  dark-haired,  swarthy,  bilious  man  may  be  a 
beneficent  power  commissioned  for  the  elevation  and 
liberation  of  his  fellow-men,  but  often  he  wields  his 
tremendous  physical  and  mental  forces  rather  to 
satisfy  his  own  selfish  ends  and  minister  to  his  ambi- 
tion and  love  of  power.  He  is  never  a  nonentity,  or 
a  passive  instrument  in  the  hands  of  others  He  al- 
ways asserts  his  individuality,  and  claims  leadership 
wherever  hardships  and  dangers  are  to  be  encoun- 
tered, and  power  or  glory  to  be  won. 

The  harsher  physiognomical  traits  of  the  dark  bil- 
ious, or  melano-motive,  type  are  often  greatly  softened 
in  woman,  and  when  modified  by  predominating  in- 
tellectuality (constituting  the  Mental-Motive  Tem- 
perament) it  furnishes  numerous  examples  of  the 
highest  order  of  female  beauty,  the  mental  element 
giving  delicacy  and  refinement  to  the  sharp,  clear 
lines  proper  to  the  Motive  Temperament,  as  seen  in 
Fig.  36.  The  following  brief,  but  graphic  description 
of  the  great  queen  of  tragedy  as  she  appeared  on 
the  stage  in  her  best  days,  will  help  the  reader  to  a 


FIG.  40.— TIBURCIO  VASQUEZ. 


FIG.  41. — A  BEDOUIN  ARAB. 

TEMPERAMENT     AND     COLOR 


PLATE  XX. 


Temperament  and  Color.  105 

clearer  idea  of  the  melanic  element  in  woman  when 
associated  with  the  Mental  Temperament,  the  motive 
constitution  being  next  in  the  order  of  potency : 

"  Pale,  with  jet-black  hair ;  a  small,  regular  nose ;  a 
mouth  mobile  enough,  but  rather  sweet  in  its  expres- 
sion and  tender  in  its  lines  for  the  heroine  of  tragedy; 
and  a  large  forehead  quite  protruding  itself  over  the 
straight,  black  brows  that  shadow  her  wondrous  eyes, 
she  is  the  very  embodiment  of  feminine  intellect. 
Her  figure  is  slight,  and  her  mental  entirely  domi- 
nates her  vital  system  ;  but  her  limbs,  with  all  their 
delicacy,  have  a  firm  look,  and  she  is  rather  lithe  than 
fragile.  The  fall  of  her  drapery  would  make  any 
sculptor  despair,  did  he  not  see  that  itself  is  but  the 
reproduction  in  tissue  of  lines  into  which  the  Grecian 
sculptors  wrought  their  marble." 

The  dark  element  in  human  Temperament  seems 
for  a  long  time  to  have  been  on  the  increase.  At  the 
time  of  the  Roman  invasion  of  those  countries,  the 
inhabitants  of  Great  Britain  and  France,  as  well  as 
of  Germany — Celts  and  Saxons  alike — were  blue- 
eyed  and  had  red,  yellow,  or  flaxen  hair.  No  one 
seems  to  have  taken  note  of  the  change  while  it  was 
going  on,  but  now  the  true  Celt,  whether  French, 
Irish,  or  Highland  Scotch,  is  very  generally  dark- 
haired,  and  the  same  change  is  evidently  taking  place 
in  the  Gothic  races,  and  particularly  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  branch.  Close  observers  are  beginning  to  note 
this  in  Europe.  Here,  in  America,  the  change  is  still 
more  obvious  and  rapid.  As  a  nation,  we  Americans 
of  the  United  States  are  gradually  becoming  melanic. 
Cities  seem   to  favor  this  temperamental  condition, 

5* 


lo6  The  Temperaments. 

the  proportion  of  dark-haired  people  being  much 
greater  there  than  in  the  country. 

In  some  cases  the  indications  of  the  blonde  type 
linger  in  the  beard  for  a  generation  or  two  after  they 
have  disappeared  from  the  hair  of  the  head  ;  so  that 
many  of  the  men  of  the  present  day  have  dark  hair 
and  yellow  or  sandy  beards. 

The  color  of  the  eyes  and  the  tint  of  the  complexion 
do  not  always  follow  the  rule  of  the  hair,  but  dark  eyes 
and  brown  or  swarthy  cheeks  are  evidently  increasing. 

We  might  speculate  here  on  the  causes  of  the  tem- 
peramental changes  going  on  in  the  Caucasian  races, 
and  the  probable  results,  but  we  prefer  to  leave  such 
speculations  to  others,  or  for  a  more  appropriate 
occasion,  simply  hinting  that  there  is  a  constant  tend- 
ency observable  in  living  things — plants,  animals,  and 
men,  alike — to  adapt  themselves,  so  far  as  the  distinc- 
tions of  race  and  species  will  permit,  to  all  changes 
of  external  conditions,  such  as  climate,  food,  and 
modes  of  life,  and  that  these  are  by  no  means  exactly 
the  same  now  that  they  were  in  the  time  of  Julius 
Caesar,  even  in  the  countries  overrun  by  the  Romans, 
much  less  in  this  New  World,  which  the  ancient  con- 
querors of  the  Old  knew  not. 

II. — The  Blonde  Element  in  Temperament 
(Fig.  43). 

Fair  hair,  blue  eyes,  and  a  light  or  florid  complexion 
are  associated  with  the  sanguine  element  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  generally,  among  us,  indicate  the  Vital 
Temperament,  or  at  least  a  very  influential  develop- 
ment of  the  nutritive  system,  and  especially  of  the 


FIG.  42. — THE    BRUNETTE. 


PIG.  43.— THE    BLONDB, 

TEMPERAMENT   AND    COLOR. 


PLATE  XXI. 


Temperament  and  Color.  107 

organs  of  respiration  and  arterial  circulation.  In 
a  majority  of  cases,  they  are  found  associated  with 
full,  finely-developed  figures ;  faces  inclining  to  round- 
ness ;  full  lips ;  wide  nostrils ;  and  a  cheerful  expres- 
sion of  countenance. 

There  are,  however,  as  we  have  noted  in  the  pre- 
ceding section,  cases  in  which  these  sanguine  character- 
istics are  found  in  connection  with  the  more  angular 
outlines  of  body  and  prominent  features,  indicative 
of  the  Motive  Temperament.  Many  distinguished 
historical  personages,  and  among  them  Gustavus 
Adolphus  of  Sweden,  and  the  great  epic  poet  of  Italy, 
Tasso,  were  of  this  Sanguine-Motive  type.  The  latter 
has  the  features  of  the  Bilious-Motive  class  in  perfec- 
tion, but  there  was  in  his  character  much  of  the  delicacy 
of  the  blonde,  combined  with  the  strength,  persistence, 
and  energy  of  the  dark  type.  The  predominance  of 
the  mental  element  of  course  greatly  modified  the 
action  of  both  the  others. 

The  Sanguine-Motive  type  is  the  common  one 
among  the  Scandinavian  peoples,  and  also  among  the 
Highland  Scotch  of  the  higher  classes,  who  are  doubt- 
less of  Norse  origin. 

In  estimating  the  influence  of  Temperament  on 
character,  as  well  as  in  observing  it  as  a  sign  of  char- 
acter, we  must  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  dark 
complexion  is  imparted  by  the  bilious  element,  and 
the  florid  by  the  sanguine,  while  the  mental  or  nerv- 
ous (the  brain  imparting  no  color — or  more  accurately, 
combining  all  colors)  gives  whiteness. 


io8  The  Temperaments, 

III. — Combinations  of  Color  and  Tempera- 
ment. 

A  brilliant  skin  with  a  peachy  bloom  on  the  cheeks, 
sometimes  showing  a  slightly  sallow  tinge,  indicates 
a  Mental-Motive  Temperament  of  the  bilious  or  dark 
type.  The  eyes  in  such  cases  may  be  either  brown 
or  gray.  The  hair  is  generally  dark  (often  black) 
and  fine,  and  the  features  clearly  cut,  but  refined  and 
delicate.  The  Motive-Mental  Temperament  presents 
similar  forms  and  coloring,  except  that  the  hues  are 
a  little  darker  and  the  outlines  harsher  and  more 
prominent. 

The  Mental-Vital  Temperament  presents  the  true 
pink  and  white  skin,  the  red  of  the  sanguine  element 
taking  the  place  of  the  black  and  yellow  of  the  bil- 
ious constitution.  The  eyes  are  blue  or  light  gray 
and  the  hair  light  and  fine.  Dante's  Beatrice,  if  the 
existing  portraits  of  her  are  correct,  illustrated  this 
combination.  A  larger  infusion  of  the  sanguine- 
vital  element  gives  more  red  in  the  complexion  and 
a  deeper  blue  to  the  eyes.  The  hair  is  often  red  or 
auburn,  and  there  is  an  expression  of  warmth  and 
liveliness  about  the  countenance  which  betokens 
rapidity  of  action  and  quickness  of  temper. 

In  the  Vital -Motive  Temperament  we  have  the 
red  of  the  sanguine  element  combined  with  a  smaller 
proportion  of  the  black  or  yellow  of  the  bilious  se- 
cretions, giving  often  a  rich  brown  complexion,  with 
brown  or  hazel  eyes  and  brown  hair.  Where  the 
Motive  apparatus  predominates,  so  as  to  give  us  the 
Motive-Sanguine  Temperamental  combination,  there 


Temperament  and  Color.  109 

appears  less  red  in  the  complexion,  and  the  hair  and 
eyes  are  generally  darker,  except  in  the  xanthous  or 
red-haired  type. 

A  pale,  dull,  leaden  hue  in  the  complexion,  dull, 
expressionless  eyes,  and  faded-looking  hair  indicate 
that  abnormal  or  sickly  condition  described  by  the 
pathologists  as  the  Lymphatic  Temperament. 

Of  the  three  organs  to  which  we  look  for  the  indi- 
cations of  Temperamental  conditions  to  be  found  in 
color,  the  skin  furnishes  the  most  trustworthy  index, 
though  even  that  is  liable  to  mislead,  where  the 
health  is  not  good.  Actual  disease  must,  of  course, 
always  be  taken  into  account,  where  it  exists.  Color 
in  the  hair  and  eyes,  more  frequently  than  in  the  skin, 
varies  from  the  hue  which  the  other  constitutional 
signs  would  seem  to  call  for.  As  a  general  rule,  how- 
ever, there  will  be  found  little  incongruity  which  can 
not  be  readily  explained. 

In  our  chapter  on  "  Temperament  in  Races  and 
Nations,"  it  will  be  seen  how  the  general  principles 
enunciated  and  illustrated  in  the  foregoing  pages  ap- 
ply to  the  red,  brown,  yellow,  and  black  races. 


VII. 

CHANGES   OF  TEMPERAMENT  (Figs.  44  to  47)- 

The  function  of  nutrition  being  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  physical  operations  during  the  first  years 
of  life,  young  children  generally  (as  they  should  in 
all  cases)  have  the  Vital  Temperament ;  but  there  is 
inherent  in  each,  inherited  from  its  parents,  a  tend- 
ency to  the  development  of  a  permanent  tempera- 
mental condition,  which  may  also  be  Vital,  or  it  may 
be  Motive  or  Mental.  When  once  established,  this 
Temperament  inclines  naturally  to  perpetuate  and 
increase  itself,  since  it  gives  rise  to  habits  that  exer- 
cise the  organs  on  which  it  depends.  A  change  of 
Temperament,  then,  implies  strong  counteracting 
influences  brought  to  bear  upon  the  constitution ; 
and  as  such  strong  influences  are,  in  a  majority  of 
cases,  lacking,  the  inherited  tendency  is  generally  fol- 
lowed, and  a  Temperament  once  established  is  main- 
tained through  life.  This,  however,  is  far  from  being 
universally  the  case.  The  inherent  predisposition  is 
sometimes  entirely  overcome  and  the  constitution 
radically  changed.  The  means  by  which  this  change 
may  be  effected  are  both  physical  and  mental,  and 
have  already,  in  treating  of  the  causes  of  the  Tem- 
peraments, been  briefly  stated.  All  that  will  be 
necessary  here  will  be  to  speak  of  some  of  them  a 
little  more  in  detail,  and  with  more  direct  reference 
to  certain  specified  cases, 
(no) 


FIG.  44.— INFANCY. 


FIG.    45  — CHILDHOOD. 


FIG.   46.— GRACE    GREENWOOD. 


FIG.  47. — GRACE    GREENWOOD. 


CHANGES     OF     TEMPERAMENT. 


PLATE  XXII. 


Changes  of  Temperament.  HI 

I. — Changes  through  Natural  Growth. 

In  childhood  there  should  be  a  relatively  stronger 
development  of  the  vital  system  than  is  exhibited 
in  Fig.  45,  which  represents,  perhaps  too  correctly, 
however,  the  average  "  smart  "  American  boy  of  the 
period.  Good,  wholesome,  nutritious  food,  pleasant 
surroundings,  judicious  training,  and  plenty  of  outdoor 
sports  should  keep  the  face  round  and  full  (as  in  Fig. 
44),  and  the  cheeks  ruddy  till  childhood  begins  to 
merge  in  youth.  Then  suddenly  there  comes  a  change ! 
The  bones  seem  to  expand  preternaturally,  the  joints 
enlarge,  the  limbs  outgrow  their  clothing,  and  even 
disturb  the  balance  between  themselves  and  the  trunk. 
The  graceful  boy  becomes  an  awkward  youth.  The 
Motive  or  bony  and  muscular  element  of  the  con- 
stitution now  assumes  predominance.  If  the  Motive 
Temperament  be  the  inherited  one,  it  is  at  this  period 
expressed  in  exaggerated  forms,  the  youth  being  very 
tall,  raw-boned,  and  angular;  but  in  all  cases  of 
natural,  healthy  growth  there  is  more  or  less  of  this 
sudden  and  powerful  Motive  influence. 

When  the  period  of  rapid  growth  is  over,  unless 
some  other  powerful  influence  has  been  brought  to 
bear  to  counteract  it,  the  inherited  tendency  assumes 
its  sway,  and  the  Temperament  becomes  compara- 
tively a  fixed  and  permanent  condition. 

At  the  age  of  from  forty  to  forty-five  there  mani- 
fests itself  in  some  constitutions,  showing  previously 
decided  Mental  or  Motive  tendencies,  a  strong  influx 
of  the  nutritive  element,  changing  the  sharp  or  angu- 
lar outlines  into  the  more  rounded  contours  of  the 
Vital  Temperament.    Something  of  this  kind  is  illus- 


112  The  Temperaments. 

trated  by  Figs.  46  and  47.    This  change  takes  place 
in  both  sexes,  but  oftener  in  women  than  in  men. 

Finally,  in  the  old  age  of  persons  who  have  pre- 
viously shown  an  influential  development  of  the 
sanguine  element  of  the  Vital  Temperament,  there 
frequently  occurs,  as  in  the  case  of  Dr.  Franklin  (Fig. 
15),  an  access  of  the  Lymphatic  constitution,  giving  a 
flabby  appearance  to  the  lower  parts  of  the  face,  and 
an  unnatural  softness  and  shapelessness  to  the  feat- 
ures. This  we  do  not  consider  a  natural  healthy 
condition,  whether  coming  on  in  old  age  or  earlier  in 
life,  though  in  the  former  case  there  may  be  simply  a 
failure  in  the  circulatory  system  to  fully  perform  its 
functions. 

II. — Changes  from  External  Influences. 

Altitude,  heat  and  cold,  moisture  and  dryness,  all 
have  an  influence  in  forming,  sustaining,  or  changing 
the  Temperament  and  configuration  of  individuals, 
families,  and  races.  "  The  inhabitants  of  the  regions 
of  gusty  winds/'  Wilkinson  says,  "  have  weather- 
beaten  faces,  and  lines  as  of  the  tempests  blown 
howling  into  their  skins.  Mountain  races  have  stony 
or  granitic  features,  as  of  rocks  abandoned  to  the 
barren  air.  The  people  of  moist  and  marshy  places 
look  watery  and  lymphatic.  Those  where  extremes 
of  temperature  prevail  for  long  periods  are  leathern 
and  shriveled,  as  though  their  skins  had  given  up  the 
contest  and  died  upon  their  faces." 

Persons  removing  from  a  cold  to  a  warm  country 
are  subject  to  an  access  of  the  bilious  element,  often 
so  great  as  to  entirely  overcome  a  previously  san- 


Changes  of  Temperament.  113 

guine  predominance.  On  the  other  hand,  removal 
from  a  warm  to  a  colder  climate  stimulates  the  res- 
piratory and  arterial  systems,  and  promotes  a  change 
in  the  opposite  direction.  These  changes,  perpetuated 
and  increased  from  generation  to  generation,  finally 
produce  distinct  Northern  and  Southern  types.  It  is 
in  temperate  climates  that  we  find  the  highest  order 
of  physical  development  and  the  closest  approach  to 
a  balance  of  temperamental  elements.* 

A  moist  atmosphere,  when  not  excessively  humid 
and  not  malarious,  promotes  the  Vital  Temperament, 
the  influence  of  the  Motive  element  being  lessened 
and  the  Mental  becoming  less  active,  from  the  lack 
of  stimulus.  Low,  marshy  regions,  like  Holland,  in- 
duce, through  moisture  and  malaria,  that  abnormal 
temperamental  condition  known  as  the  lymphatic 
constitution.  Persons  removing  from  a  region  hav- 
ing a  moist  atmosphere,  to  one  where  dry  winds  pre- 


*  According  to  our  own  observations,  which  have  extended 
from  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  on  the  north  to  Florida  on 
the  south,  the  finest  race  of  men,  in  physique,  in  this  country  are 
to  be  found  between  the  parallels  of  340  and  400  north  latitude, 
and  particularly  in  the  States  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  Ken- 
tucky. They  are  large,  symmetrically  formed,  erect  and  graceful 
in  carriage,  and  have  generally  fine,  open,  and  pleasant  counte- 
nances. A  newspaper  correspondent,  writing  from  the  interior 
of  Kentucky,  says :  "  I  have  been  struck  with  the  profusion  of 
really  great-looking  men  at  the  State  Fair.  You  may  single  out 
any  group  of  twenty,  and  in  it  you  will  be  sure  to  find  two  or 
three  who,  in  stature,  physical  development,  or  expression  of 
countenance,  bear  testimony  to  the  manliness  and  royalty  of 
their  nature.  //  sterns  as  if  Kentucky  were  educating  a  race  of 
kings,  from  which  to  supply  tht  world." 


114  The  Temperaments. 

vail,  often  experience  a  marked  change  in  their  con 
stitutions,  the  plumpness  and  ruddiness  imparted 
by  the  rich  vital  currents  which  flow  through  the 
deeply-seated  blood-vessels  of  the  Englishman  or 
the  German,  giving  place,  in  many  cases,  on  immi- 
gration to  America,  to  denser,  harder,  and  less  round- 
ed muscles,  and  a  darker  and  less  transparent  com- 
plexion— in  other  words,  a  decrease  of  the  sanguine 
and  nutritive  and  a  corresponding  increase  of  the 
bilious  and  locomotive  elements  of  the  physical  or- 
ganization. If,  as  is  often  the  case,  the  tendency  in 
the  individual  to  predominant  vitality  is  too  strong 
to  be  overcome  by  the  external  influences  brought 
to  bear  upon  him  here,  they  are  pretty  sure  to  show 
their  full  power  in  his  progeny,  who  will  generally 
approach  the  American  type.  In  Americans,  resid- 
ing for  a  long  time  in  England,  or  in  any  other  coun- 
try with  a  humid  atmosphere,  the  opposite  change 
may  take  place,  the  vital  system  becoming  relatively 
more  influential. 

Elevated  situations  promote  the  development  of 
bone  and  muscle,  and  therefore  tend  to  the  increase 
of  the  motive  constitution,  and  this  change  will  be 
greatest  and  most  rapid  where  residence  in  mount- 
ainous regions  is  conjoined  with  all  the  bodily  ex- 
ercise and  the  hardships  incident  to  mountain  life, 
in  its  normal  form.  If  the  exercise  and  the  hard- 
ships are  not  excessive,  they  promote  a  rough  type 
of  manly  beauty,  but  are  unfavorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  feminine  attractiveness,  and  the  women  of 
mountainous  countries,  such  as  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  are  generally  noted  for  their  homeliness. 


Changes  of  Temperament.  115 

On  the  other  hand,  in  some  of  the  eastern  countries 
of  England,  where  the  Vital  Temperament  is  almost 
universal,  and  often  excessively  developed,  the  ad- 
vantage in  beauty  is  all  on  the  side  of  the  women, 
the  rotund  bodies  and  short,  tapering  limbs  so  gener*. 
ally  prevailing,  being  unsuited  to  the  male. 

III.— Changes  from  Bodily  Habits. 

Changes  of  occupation,  general  personal  habits, 
or  even  of  diet,  often  lead  to  important  modifications 
of  Temperament.  Sedentary  pursuits,  even  when 
not  calling  into  special  action  the  intellectual  powers, 
tend  to  promote  habits  of  reflection  favorable  to  the 
development  of  the  Mental  Temperament.  A  change 
to  more  active  outdoor  employments  gives  the  vital 
organs  and  the  muscular  system  more  relative 
strength  and  influence,  and  favors  the  predominance 
of  one  or  the  other.  Let  the  shoemaker,  with  his 
slender  muscles,  narrow  chest,  and  Mental  Tempera- 
ment, quit  the  bench  and  become  a  sailor,  a  lumber- 
man, or  a  pioneer  farmer  in  the  West,  and  if  he  do 
not  break  down  under  the  change,  his  chest  will  ex- 
pand, his  muscles  thicken  and  become  tough,  and  his 
digestion  and  all  the  functions  of  nutrition  increase 
in  activity  and  efficiency,  while  the  brain,  called  less 
into  action,  will  become  comparatively  quiescent, 
and  the  Mental  Temperament  will  give  place  to  the 
Motive,  or  the  Mental-Motive.  So  the  sailor,  the 
lumberman,  or  the  farmer  turning  shoemaker  is  likely 
to  experience  an  equally  notable  change  in  the  op- 
posite direction. 

A  rich  diet  composed  in  large  part  of  farinaceous 


Ii6  The  Temperaments. 

foods,  sugar,  and  flesh  meats  fosters  Alimentiveness 
and  promotes  the  Vital  Temperament,  while  a  lighter 
diet  of  vegetables,  fruits,  eggs,  and  fish  is  favorable 
to  the  Mental  Temperament.  The  Motive  Tempera- 
ment is  promoted  by  lean  meats,  especially  the  flesh 
of  quadrupeds,  wheat-meal,  corn-meal,  beans,  cab- 
bages, and  parsnips.  It  will,  therefore,  be  apparent 
that  changes  in  diet  affect  in  a  greater  or  less  degree 
the  balance  of  the  constitution. 

IV.— Changes  Produced  by  Mental  Agencies'. 

Geo.  Combe  in  one  of  his  valuable  works  points 
out  the  important  changes  produced  in  Tempera- 
ment by  a  continued  course  of  training.  "  It  is  com- 
mon," he  says,  "  for  the  Bilious  to  be  changed  into 
the  Nervous  Temperament  by  habits  of  mental 
activity  and  close  study ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  we 
often  see  the  Nervous  or  Bilious  changed  into  the 
Lymphatic  about  the  age  of  forty,  when  the  nutritive 
system  seems  to  acquire  the  preponderance."  Spurz- 
heim  was  accustomed  to  say  that  he  had  originally 
a  large  portion  of  the  Lymphatic  element,  as  had  all 
his  family ;  but  that  in  himself  the  Lymphatic  had 
gradually  diminished,  and  the  Nervous  increased ; 
whereas,  in  his  sisters,  owing  to  mental  inactivity, 
the  reverse  had  happened,  and  when  he  visited  them, 
after  being  absent  many  years,  found  them,  to  use 
his  own  expression,  "  as  large  as  tuns." 

Of  the  wonderful  influence  of  the  mind  over  the 
body,  in  changing  its  forms  and  conditions,  there  can 
be  no  doubt.  Illustrations  of  the  effects  of  mental 
action  upon  the  physical   system  abound  and  offer 


Changes  of  Temperament.  W} 

themselves  to  every  observer.  As  to  Temperament, 
De  La  Sarthe,  in  his  Traite'  Complet  de  Physiognomie, 
goes  so  far  as  to  assert  that  it  is  practicable,  by 
means  of  an  appropriate  hygienic  education,  to  de- 
velop in  a  child  any  desired  constitutional  condition, 
and  that  even  in  mature  life  such  changes  as  the 
health  and  happiness  of  the  subject  may  demand  are 
effected  with  comparative  ease;  and  he  finds  it  a 
matter  for  wonder  that  while  it  is  our  privilege  to 
shape  at  will  the  plastic  system  of  the  child,  and  in 
a  degree  of  the  adult  also,  and  thus  promote  in  the 
most  important  particulars  the  health,  well-being, 
and  happiness  of  our  offspring,  our  friends  and  the 
world  in  general,  that  we  are  content  to  occupy  our- 
selves, rather,  in  improving  the  breeds  of  our  do- 
mestic animals,  or  in  producing  new  and  better  varie- 
ties of  fruits  and  vegetables.  As  an  example  of  a 
change  of  Temperament  in  mature  life  through 
mental  causes,  he  cites  the  case  of  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau,  as  follows : 

"  He  possessed  originally  the  Sanguine  Tempera- 
ment, and  a  character  expansive,  self-confident,  and 
happy,  which  he  retained  in  full  activity  up  to  the  age 
of  twenty-five.  At  that  time  he  was  thrown  into  a 
struggle,  hostile,  open,  and  incessant,  with  most  of  the 
learned  societies ;  was  made  the  object  of  reiterated 
attacks  from  antagonistic  writers — enemies,  some  of 
them  real  enough,  but  a  great  number  imaginary — 
and  subjected  to  never-ceasing  painful  excitements, 
the  causes  of  which  he  greatly  exaggerated.  Under 
these  influences  he  changed  by  degrees,  both  in  char- 
acter and  Temperament,  becoming  bilious,  nervous, 


Ii8  The  Temperaments. 

melancholic,  gloomy,  restless,  suspicious,  misanthropic, 
and  the  most  unhappy  of  men." 

Phrenologists  have  shown  clearly  enough  that  men- 
tal culture  has  power  to  change  the  form  of  the  cra- 
nium, expanding  the  forehead  and  diminishing  the 
lateral  dimensions  of  the  base  of  the  brain,  the  organs 
of  which  are  rendered  less  active,  and  held  under  more 
restraint  in  proportion  as  the  intellect  is  developed ; 
and  it  needs  no  proof,  that  whatever  has  power  to 
modify  the  bony  encasement  of  the  brain,  may  modify, 
in  at  least  as  high  a  degree,  the  temperamental  con- 
dition of  the  body,  and  consequently  its  configuration. 
The  same  educational  influences  which  change  the 
frontal  lines  of  the  head,  render  thjse  of  the  body 
more  delicate,  arid  give  the  face  more  refinement,  mo- 
bility, and  expression — in  short,  promote  the  Mental 
Temperament,  while  diminishing  the  relative  develop- 
ment and  influence  of  the  Motive  and  Vital  systems. 
An  opposite  class  of  influences  will  reverse  all  this, 
and  reduce  the  Mental,  while  calling  out  more  fully 
the  Motive  and  Vital  forces. 

"  Let  a  well-educated  person  of  an  intellectual  or- 
ganization, and,  to  make  the  example  as  striking  as 
possible,  of  mature  age,  be  deprived  of  his  books  and 
intellectual  companionship,  thrown  into  the  society  of 
coarse,  uneducated  people';  subjected  to  rude  labor 
or  exercise,  to  the  almost  entire  exclusion  of  consecu- 
tive thinking ;  and  made  to  adopt  the  gross  diet  which 
usually  accompanies  the  other  conditions  we  have 
named,  and  mark  the  result.  Another  set  of  faculties 
are  now  brought  into  action.  The  base  of  the  brain 
expands;  the  lower  features  grow  broader,  the  neck 


FIG.   49.—  HENRY  IRVING. 

BRAIN  IN  THE  MOTIVE  TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE  XXIII. 


Changes  of  Temperament. 


119 


thicker,  the  eyes  duller,  the  mouth  coarser,  and  the 
face,  as  a  whole,  rounder  and  less  expressive.  The 
whole  frame  shares  in  the  degeneracy.  The  muscles 
become  thicker,  the  joints  larger,  the  limbs  less  grace- 
ful, and  the  body  stouter  and  grosser."  In  short,  the 
Mental  predominance  may  be  lost  as  well  as  gained, 
and  the  Motive  or  the  Vital  substituted. 

These  indisputable  facts  should  be  borne  in  mind 
by  all,  and  especially  by  parents  and  teachers,  as  hav- 
ing a  most  important  bearing  upon  education,  both 
mental  and  physical. 


JOHN   GUTENBERG,   INVENTOR    OF  PRINTING. 

BRAIN  IN  THE  MOTIVE  TEMPERAMENT. 


VIII. 

TEMPERAMENT  AND  MENTALITY. 

As  we  have  said  before,  the  primary  cause  of  Tem- 
perament lies  in  the  mental  constitution,  the  body 
being  but  the  external  expression— the  outward  sym- 
bol and  instrument  of  the  mind,  which  fashions  its 
temporary  dwelling-place,  and  changes  it  at  will,  to 
suit  its  own  changing  character  and  needs.  A  Tem- 
perament, then,  does  not  create  or  cause  any  particu- 
lar mental  characteristic  or  group  of  characteristics, 
but  is  conjoined  with  such  characteristics  because 
suited  to  their  special  manifestations ;  and  being  as- 
sociated with  them,  has  a  tendency,  by  a  natural 
reaction,  to  increase  and  perpetuate  them.  So  Tem- 
perament becomes  a  sign  of  character,  and  to  some 
extent  a  secondary  cause  of  character,  through  the 
facilities  it  affords  for  the  proper  action  of  the  facul- 
ties with  which  it  is  specially  associated. 

The  student  of  character  is,  therefore,  justified  in 
making  Temperament  one  of  the  first  subjects  of 
investigation,  in  collecting  the  materials  for  a  correct 
estimate  of  the  mental  and  moral  status  of  an  indi- 
vidual, and  he  will  naturally  look  at  it  in  connection 
with  the  indications  afforded  by  the  developments 
of  the  different  organs  of  the  brain,  as  indicated  in 
the  form  of  the  skull.  It  will  assist  him,  perhaps,  if, 
in  addition  to  the  mental  characteristics  of  each  Tem- 
(120) 


FIG.   50.— J.  G.   BLAINE. 


FIG.  51. — MADAM   H.   P.   BLAVATSKY. 

BRAIN   IN   THE  VITAL  TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE  XXIV. 


Temperament  and  Mentality.  121 

perament  as  given,  in  general  terms,  in  a  previous 
chapter,  we  now  specify  more  particularly  what  cere- 
bral developments  accompany  and  give  tone  to  each. 

I. — The  Brain  in  the  Motive  Temperament 
(Figs.  48  and  49). 

Large  Perceptive  faculties,  impelling  to  observation 
and  fitting  for  the  practical  affairs  of  active  life ;  Self- 
esteem,  inspiring  to  self-reliance,  aspiration,  pride, 
and  love  of  power ;  Firmness,  giving  tenacity  of  will, 
steadfastness,  and  persistent  effort  in  any  line  of  ac- 
tion determined  upon ;  Combativeness  and  Destruc- 
tiveness,  imparting  the  will  and  ability  to  overcome 
obstacles,  to  resist  aggression,  to  contend  for  the 
right,  with  the  executive  ability  and  the  indifference 
to  ease  which  permits  the  infliction  or  the  endurance 
of  the  pain  necessary  in  removing  or  crushing  what- 
ever may  be  inimical — these  are  some  of  the  principal 
mental  developments  which  accompany  and  charac- 
terize the  Motive  Temperament ;  and  it  is  this 
physical  constitution  alone  which  would  subserve 
the  purposes  of  such  a  combination  of  mental  facul- 
ties, and  which,  therefore,  constitute  at  once  its  cause 
and  its  reason  for  being,  while  it,  in  turn,  reacts  upon 
the  mental  organization  to  perpetuate  its  pecullari- 
ties  and  to  increase  the  strength  and  efficiency  of  its 
special  powers. 

Alimentiveness  and  Amativeness  are  relatively 
smaller  than  in  the  Vital  Temperament,  so  that  there 
is  less  liability  to  excesses  in  the  direction  in  which 
they  lead.  Conscientiousness  generally  predominates 
over  Benevolence,  and  Spirituality  over  Ideality  and 
6 


122  The  Temperaments. 

Veneration.     Hope,  Mirthfulness,  and  Imitation  are 
seldom  either  large  or  active. 

II. — The  Brain  in  the  Vital  Temperament 
(Figs.  50  and  5 1). 

The  mental  basis  and  origin  of  the  Vital  Tempera- 
ment lies  in  the  base  of  the  brain,  and  particularly  in 
Alimentiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Amativeness, 
which  are  generally  large,  as  are  Benevolence,  Hope, 
Mirthfulness,  Language,  and  the  Perceptive  organs 
generally ;  but  there  is  seldom  any  excessive  develop- 
ment in  any  particular  direction,  the  cranium  inclin- 
ing rather  to  roundness  and  evenness  than  to  the 
exhibition  of  hollows  and  protuberances. 

The  neck  being  short  as  well  as  large,  there  is  a 
closer  communication  than  in  the  other  Tempera- 
ments between  the  body  and  the  brain,  and  a  larger 
flow  of  the  vital  currents  from  the  former  to  the  lat- 
ter, giving  rapidity  and  force  to  the  action  of  all  the 
organs,  but  especially  to  those  lying  nearest  to  the 
source  of  power,  in  the  base  of  the  brain.  It  is  for 
this  reason  that  the  animal  propensities,  though  not 
relatively  large  perhaps,  are  generally  so  influential 
in  persons  of  this  constitution,  and  so  liable,  unless 
restrained,  to  hurry  them  into  dangerous  excesses. 

III.— The  Brain  in  the  Mental  Temperament 
(Figs.  116  and  121.) 
The  Brain  and  its  nervous  appendages  constituting 
the  basis  of  the  Mental  Temperament,  the  cerebral 
mass,  as  a  whole,  is  relatively  larger  in  persons  of 
this  constitution  than  in  those  of  either  of  the  other 


Temperament  and  Mentality,  1 23 

Temperaments,  but  this  preponderance  is  mainly  in 
the  frontal  and  coronal  regions — the  intellectual  fac- 
ulties and  the  moral  sentiments.  Causality,  Com- 
parison, Ideality,  Spirituality,  and  Veneration  are 
generally  prominent,  while  Combativeness,  Destruc- 
tiveness,  Alimentiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Ama- 
tiveness  are  not  so  fully  developed.  The  real  power 
of  the  intellectual  faculties  is  not  susceptible  of  being 
fully  measured  by  their  size  as  their  activity  and 
strength,  depending  in  part  upon  a  high  nervous 
stimulus,  is  greater  in  proportion  to  their  size  in  this 
Temperament  than  in  the  others.  The  quickness 
and  clearness  of  the  conceptions,  the  intensity  of  the 
emotions,  and  the  delicacy  and  refinement  of  the 
taste  are  due  as  much  to  the  texture  as  to  the  size 
of  the  organs  through  which  these  mental  qualities 
are  manifested. 

In  the  Mental  Temperament,  the  brain  has  a 
greater  influence  over  the  bodily  conditions,  as  of 
health  and  disease,  strength  and  weakness,  than  in 
the  Motive  or  Vital  Temperaments,  and  the  mind  is 
less  dependent  upon  bodily  states  for  its  efficient 
action.  It  must,  however,  have  vital  power  to  draw 
upon  as  a  reserve  or  its  action  can  not  be  sustained. 
The  nutritive  system  must,  therefore,  be  sedulously 
cultivated  by  those  who  possess  this  constitution. 

Thus  we  have  seen  that  Temperament  and  mental 
character  are  closely  correlated,  and  that  because  one 
has  inherited  or  acquired  a  certain  cerebral  organi- 
zation, he  assumes,  physically,  that  constitutional 
condition  best  suited  to  the  needs  of  that  cerebral 
organization,   and   through  which   its  characteristic 


124  The  Temperaments. 

activities  may  become  in  the  highest  degree  affect, 
ive.  The  strong  will ;  the  cool,  steady  judgment ; 
the  tireless  energy;  the  indomitable  courage;  the 
persistent  purpose  ;  the  dominating  ambition  ;'the  in- 
satiable love  of  power ;  the  never-failing  self-reliance 
of  a  strong  executive  character,  require  and  associate 
with  themselves  the  Motive  Temperament.  Vivacity ; 
versatility;  impulse;  ardor;  love  of  pleasure;  de- 
sire for  change  ;  fondness  for  good  living ;  intellectual 
quickness  and  brilliancy ;  instability  of  purpose ;  and 
amiability  and  genial  kindliness  could  find  no  ad- 
equate expression  in  any  other  than  the  Vital  Tem- 
perament. The  predominating  intellectuality,  taste, 
refinement,  lofty  aspirations,  intense  emotions,  and 
clear,  vivid  conceptions  of  the  literary,  artistic,  and 
imaginative  organization  are  fitly  embodied  in  the 
fine,  sensitive,  mobile  Mental  Temperament.  In 
either  case,  it  is  the  character  or  mental  constitution 
which  comes  first  (by  inheritance  or  by  acquisition), 
and  the  physical  condition  which  follows  and  adapts 
itself  to  the  mind's  requirements,  reacting  in  turn 
upon  the  latter  to  promote  its  proper  action  and 
perpetuate  and  increase  its  special  qualities. 


FIG.   52.— BELVA  A.   LOCKWOOD. 


FIG.  53.— REV.   CHARLES  MNGSLEY. 

BRAIN  IN  THE  MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE  XXV. 


IX. 

AGE  AND  SEX  IN  TEMPERAMENT. 

IN  treating  of  Changes  of  Temperament  in  a  pre- 
vious chapter,  we  have  incidentally  indicated  some 
of  the  points  in  which  the  different  periods  of  life 
affect  the  Temperaments ;  but  the  subject  requires 
further  elucidation,  and  we  therefore  revert  to  it  here. 

I.— The  Temperament  of  Childhood  (Fig.  54). 

During  infancy,  growth  is  the  grand  object  which 
Nature  has  in  view,  and  while  she  does  not  neglect 
to  develop  slowly  the  lobes  of  the  brain,  and  to  lay 
the  foundation  for  the  solid  framework  of  bones, 
muscles,  and  ligaments,  which  is  destined  to  sustain 
and  move  the  body,  she  wisely  gives  her  special 
attention  to  the  nutritive  system,  as  the  one  which 
should  predominate  in  development,  activity,  and 
influence.  The  infant,  therefore,  has,  normally,  the 
Vital  Temperament,  the  Motive  and  Mental  systems 
being  manifest  only  in  a  rudimentary  condition ;  and, 
the  diet  being  milk  and  other  soft  and  watery  ali- 
ments, it  is,  at  first,  the  lymphatic  element  of  the 
constitution  which  naturally  predominates,  the  san- 
guine gaining  the  ascendency  after  a  change  of  diet 
and  the  exercise  of  the  limbs  and  body  have  given 
the  respiratory  and  arterial  systems  a  greater  de- 
velopment and  a  more  powerful  influence. 

(125) 


126  The  Temperaments.     . 

We  may  say,  then,  in  general  terms,  that  the  Tern- 
perament  of  infancy  is  the  Vital,  the  lymphatic  ele- 
ment being  predominant  at  the  outset,  or  during  the 
first  two  or  three  years  of  life,  but  gradually  giving 
place  to  the  sanguine.  The  Mental  system  should 
be  held  in  comparative  abeyance  during  the  first 
seven  years  of  life  at  least,  great  care  being  taken 
that  while  its  healthy  activity  is  not  shackled,  there 
be  no  abnormal  or  forced  and  sickly  development, 
at  the  expense  of  the  physical  system  and  the  general 
health  and  symmetry  of  the  organization.  The  loco- 
motive system,  in  those  who  have  inherited  a  tend- 
ency to  the  Motive  Temperament,  assuming  year 
by  year  increased  influence,  normally  attains  ascend- 
ency at  puberty. 

We  have  been  speaking  of  what  we  believe  to  be 
the  order  of  Nature  and  the  requirement  of  the  law 
of  development  in  the  human  being;  but  we  are 
aware  that  the  hereditary  influences  of  our  age  and 
country  in  which  there  is  so  much  feverish  mental 
activity  and  such  intensity  of  feeling  and  passion, 
with  too  little  vital  power  and  strength  of  constitu- 
tion to  give  endurance  and  insure  sustained  effort, 
are  not  calculated  to  insure  in  American  children 
the  desired  orderly  development.  The  Mental  sys- 
tem, obeying  the  strong  inherited  tendency,  aided  by 
a  competitive  and  too  stimulating  system  of  educa- 
tion, comes  early  into  the  ascendency,  dwarfing  the 
body,  and  finally  starving  itself,  by  drying  up,  pre- 
maturely, the  vital  currents  which  should  sustain  it 
in  permanent  and  increasing  efficiency  till  old  age. 


Age  and  Sex  in  Temperament.  127 

II.— The   Temperament   of   Middle   Age. 

(Fig.  55). 

At  the  age  of  from  forty  to  forty-five — earlier  in 
some  and  later  in  others — the  activity  of  both  mind 
and  body  having  somewhat  abated,  and  the  passions 
become  more  cool  and  moderate,  where  sound  health 
and  a  good  digestion  favor  it,  there  is  generally  a 
more  or  less  marked  accession  of  development  and 
activity  in  the  nutritive  system,  sometimes  giving  a 
decided  predominance  to  the  Vital  system  in  consti- 
tutions previously  Motive  or  Mental. 

Were  sound  health  and  correct  habits  universal, 
perhaps  there  would  be  no  exceptions  to  the  change 
we  have  here  indicated,  and  the  Temperament  of 
middle  age  would  always  be  either  Vital  or  one  of 
the  Compound  Temperaments  formed  by  it  with 
either  the  Motive  or  the  Mental;  but  where  the 
digestion  has  become  impaired,  or  where  there  is  a 
controlling  necessity  for  an  activity  of  body  or  mind 
no  longer  natural  to  the  organization,  the  normal 
modification  fails  to  take  place,  and  the  existing 
constitutional  condition  is  rather  increased  than 
diminished,  as  seen  in  persons  subjected  to  severe 
manual  labor,  harassed  by  the  cares  and  anxieties 
of  business,  or  overtaxed  by  close  and  continued 
intellectual  effort.  If,  as  perhaps  we  may  say  should 
be  the  case,  where  the  road  to  competence  and  ease 
is  open  to  all,  the  age  of  forty  finds  a  man  relieved 
from  pecuniary  anxieties  and  the  necessity  of  labor 
or  application  to  business  for  the  support  of  himself 
and  family,  and  can  throw  off  or  transfer  to  others 


128  The  Temperaments, 

all  the  heavier  burdens  of  life,  and  give  himself 
leisure  for  recreation  and  repose,  we  generally  ob- 
serve a  filling  up  and  rounding  out  of  the  contours  of 
the  body,  and  the  assumption  of  a  degree  of  portli- 
ness which  is  naturally  associated  with  good  health, 
good  living,  and  an  easy  life. 

In  women,  this  accession  of  vital  development 
would  be  more  general  were  they  more  healthy,  but, 
in  this  country  at  least,  their  health  is  too  often  so 
broken  down  before  the  "  turn  of  life  "  that  the  em- 
bonpoint which  properly  belongs  to  them  is  lost  in 
a  sickly  emaciation.  In  England,  where  the  habits 
of  women,  as  well  as  the  climate,  are  more  favorable, 
they  may  look  forward  to  the  time  when  they  shall  be 
"  Fat,  fair,  and  forty,"  and  be  thankful  if  they  escape 
being  obese,  red-faced,  and  coarse,  as  is  the  tendency 
of  their  Temperament. 

III.— The  Temperament  of  Old  Age  (Fig.  56). 
With  the  more  or  less  imperfect  nutrition  of  old 
age,  there  supervenes  a  shrinkage  of  bone,  muscle, 
and  especially  of  cellular  tissue,  giving  the  wrinkles 
which  indicate  and  symbolize  the  decline  of  life.  The 
shrinkage  being  greatest  in  the  softer  parts,  which  had 
previously  given  fullness  to  the  form  and  roundness 
to  the  cheek,  the  indications  of  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment are  increased,  though  the  increase  of  the  loco- 
motive apparatus  is  merely  relative,  and  owing  to  the 
decreased  volume  and  activity  of  the  nutritive  system. 
In  this  way,  a  Temperament  which  may  have  been 
Mental- Vital,  may  become,  through  the  decadence 
of  the  vital  powers,  Mental-Motive,  without  any  in- 
crease of  the  Motive  element. 


Age  and  Sex  in  Temperament.  12c 

In  some  constitutions,  as  has  been  said  in  a  previous 
chapter,  the  Vital  system,  previously  strong  and  act- 
ive, falls,  on  the  approach  of  old  age,  into  an  abnormal 
condition,  in  which  there  is  conjoined  with  a  loss  of 
activity  in  the  arterial  system,  a  clogging  of  the  gen- 
eral circulation,  and  a  repletion  of  the  watery  fluids 
in  the  cellular  tissues  and  under  the  skin,  giving  the 
soft,  flabby  appearance  seen  in  the  Lymphatic  Tem- 
perament. This  constitutional  condition  is  far  more 
common  in  low,  moist  regions — like  Holland,  for  in- 
stance— than  in  our  drier  climate,  and  is  by  no  means 
infrequent  in  England,  where  the  Vital  Temperament 
is  more  common,  and  more  subject  to  deterioration 
in  the  way  indicated,  than  with  us. 

IV. — The  Temperaments  in  Women. 

There  is  no  particular  Temperament  which  belongs 
exclusively  to  woman,  and  no  one  from  which  she  is 
excluded  by  reason  of  sex ;  but  at  the  same  time, 
there  are  certain  constitutional  conditions  which 
seem  peculiarly  adapted  to  her  requirements,  and 
certain  others  which  are  clearly  inconsistent  with  her 
highest  adaptation  to  the  distinctive  offices  of  the 
sex. 

In  woman  the  trunk  is  longer  in  proportion  to  the 
whole  stature  and  to  the  arms  and  legs,  than  in  man, 
giving  relatively  more  room  for  the  development  of 
the  vital  system,  so  essential  to  her,  not  merely  fof 
her  own  well-being,  but  for  the  proper  performance 
of  her  offices  as  a  mother.  We  may  say,  therefore, 
that  the  natural  temperamental  condition  of  woman 
is  one  in  which  the  vital  or  nutritive  element  is 
6* 


130  The  Temperaments, 

strongly  influential,  if  not   predominant  —  say  the 
Vital,  Vital-Mental  or  Mental- Vital  Temperament. 

The  Motive  Temperament,  in  its  typical  form,  is 
not  well  suited  to  woman,  as  it  involves  too  much 
hardness,  angularity,  and  harshness ;  but  when  modi- 
fied by  a  nearly  equal  proportion  of  the  Vital  ele- 
ment, to  fill  out  the  depressions  and  round  the 
contours,  and  a  good  Mental  development,  to  soften 
the  expression  and  refine  the  prominent,  but  clear- 
cut  features,  there  is  often  a  high  order  of  beauty 
developed,  conjoined  with  great  strength  of  character 
and  high  intellectual  endowments. 

The  purely  Mental  Temperament,  so  common 
among  the  women  of  our  age,  and  especially  of  our 
country,  gives  us  beautiful  girls,  charming  in  their 
grace,  refinement,  and  intelligence,  but  too  frail,  in 
many  cases,  for  the  practical  uses  of  life,  and  doomed 
to  premature  invalidism  and  early  death.  If  one 
could  choose  his  own  mother,  he  would  not,  if  well 
instructed  in  physiology,  select  one  of  these  too  in- 
tellectual women,  however  lovely.  With  the  vital 
element  nearly  equal  to  the  mental,  or  at  least 
strongly  influential,  there  is  a  foundation  for  a  char- 
acter at  once  womanly,  refined,  intelligent,  amiable, 
and  warm-hearted. 

That  morbid  condition  described  in  the  old  classi- 
fication as  the  Nervous  Temperament,  is,  unfortu- 
nately, very  common  among  women  of  low  vitality, 
especially  when  they  are  addicted  to  strong  tea  and 
coffee,  late  hours,  and  the  fashionable  dissipations  of 
the  day. 


FIG.  56. — OLD    AGE.      A.    B.    ALCOTT. 

AGE     AND     TEMPERAMENT, 


PLATE  XXVI. 


FIG.  58.— CROWN  PRINCESS  OF  GCSMANY. 

TEMPERAMENT     IN     MARRIAGE. 

PLATE   XXVII. 


X. 

TEMPERAMENT  IN  THE  DOMESTIC  RELATIONS. 

IN  the  relations  of  human  beings  to  each  other  in 
society,  there  prevail  certain  laws  of  harmony  analo- 
gous to  those  which  govern  the  combination  of  the 
various  notes  in  music.  We  strike  certain  keys  sim- 
ultaneously and  there  is  produced  a  pleasing  accord- 
ance of  sweet  sounds.  Those  keys  represent  notes 
bearing  a  harmonic  relation  to  each  other — they  form 
chords.  Other  notes,  each  equally  sweet  in  itself, 
sounded  together,  strike  the  ear  dissonantly.  In  a 
like  manner,  we  may  bring  together  two  or  more  per- 
sons, standing  in  certain  natural  constitutional  re- 
lations to  each  other,  and  there  will  at  once  ensue 
mutual  likings,  sympathy,  and  friendship,  or  love, 
while  the  same  persons,  or  others  not  less  amiable 
and  lovable,  transposed  into  other  combinations, 
may  simply  make  each  other  miserable ;  and  the 
closer  the  connection,  the  more  cruelly  will  they  tor- 
ture each  other. 

With  these  harmonies  and  discords  in  human  rela- 
tions, and  especially  those  of  the  family,  Tempera- 
ment has  much  to  do,  and  those  sustaining  or 
purposing  to  assume  such  relations  should  study  well 
the  laws  of  mental  and  temperamental  consonance, 
so  that  life-music  and  not  an  infernal  jarring  of  dis- 
sonant individualities  may  be  the  result  of  the  union. 
We  do  not  dream  of  becoming  successful  performers 

(131) 


132  The  Temperaments. 

on  the  piano  or  the  organ,  without  a  fair  knowledge 
of  the  science  of  music ;  much  less  should  we  presume 
to  deal  with  the  profounder  harmonies  of  humanity, 
in  ignorance  of  the  laws  in  accordance  with  which 
men  and  women  are  constituted  complements  of  each 
other,  or  fitted  to  assume  places  as  components  of 
a  chord  in  social  life. 

I. — Temperament  and  Matrimony. 

In  marriage,  above  all  other  relations  in  life,  har- 
monious conditions  are  essential.  Not  only  the 
happiness  of  the  parties  originally  concerned  are  in- 
volved, but  the  physical  symmetry,  mental  balance, 
and  general  well-being  of  offspring  also.  The  conse- 
quences of  a  discordant  union  may  involve  many 
generations  in  misery,  or — a  less  melancholy  fate — 
result  in  the  extinction  of  a  family. 

Some  physiologists  have  taught  that  the  constitu- 
tions of  the  parties  in  marriage  should  be  similar,  so 
as  to  insure  similar  tastes,  habits,  and  modes  of 
thought,  while  others  have  contended  that  contrasts 
should  be  sought,  to  give  room  for  variety  and  pre- 
vent the  stagnation  of  a  level  sameness.  Neither  of 
these  statements  expresses  fully  the  true  law  of  selec- 
tion, though  both  are  partly  true.  There  can  be  no 
harmony  without  a  difference,  but  there  may  be  dif- 
ference without  harmony.  It  is  not  because  she  is 
like  him  that  a  man  loves  a  woman,  but  because  she 
is  unlike.  For  the  same  reason  she  loves  him.  The 
qualities  which  the  one  lacks  are  those  which  in  the 
other  attract  and  hold  the  fancy  and  the  heart.  The 
more  womanly  the  woman,  the  greater  her  power 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      133 

over  men,  and  in  proportion  as  she  approaches  the 
masculine  in  person  or  in  character  will  she  repel  the 
other  sex ;  while  a  woman  admires,  no  less,  in  man 
true  manliness,  and  feels  for  effeminacy  and  weakness 
in  him  either  pity  or  contempt.  What  should  be 
sought  and  what  is  sought,  as  a  rule,  in  a  husband  or 
a  wife,  where  arbitrary  conventional  customs  and 
considerations  of  rank,  wealth,  and  position  are  not 
allowed  to  interfere,  is  not  a  counterpart,  but  a  com- 
plement— something  to  supply  a  lack — the  other  self, 
which  shall  round  out  one's  being  and  form  a  perfect, 
symmetrical  whole.  As  in  music  it  is  not  contiguous 
notes  which  combine  to  form  chords,  but  those  sepa- 
rated from  each  other,  as  a  first  and  a  third  or  a  third 
and  a  fifth ;  so  we  produce  social  and  domestic  har- 
mony by  associating  graduated  differences.  Two 
persons  may  be  "  too  much  alike  to  agree."  They 
crowd  each  other,  for  "  two  objects  can  not  occupy 
the  same  space  at  the  same  time."  So  while  a 
"  union  of  opposites  "  is  by  no  means  to  be  insisted 
upon,  or  even  recommended,  as  a  rule,  yet  a  too 
close  similarity  in  constitution  should  be  avoided,  as 
detrimental  to  offspring  as  well  as  inimical  to  the  hap- 
piness of  the  parties  themselves.  The  Mental  Tem- 
perament, for  instance,  strongly  developed  in  both 
would  tend  to  intensify  the  intellectual  activity,  al- 
ready perhaps  too  great,  in  each,  and  if  offspring 
should  unfortunately  result,  they  would  be  likely  to 
inherit  in  still  greater  excess  the  constitutional  tend- 
encies of  the  parents.  In  the  same  way,  a  marked 
preponderance  of  the  Motive  or  the  Vital  systems  in 
both  parents  leads  to  a  similar  state  of  connubial 


134  The  Temperaments. 

discord,  and  a  lack  of  temperamental  balance  in  tha 
children,  if  any,  resulting  from  the  union.  Where 
there  is  a  close  approximation  to  a  symmetrical  and 
harmonious  development — "  a  balance  of  Tempera- 
ments " — the  union  of  similar  organizations  is  less 
objectionable  and  may  result  favorably,  as  respects 
both  parents  and  children ;  but  such  cases  are  so  rare 
that  a  rule  drawn  from  them  would  prove  of  little 
practical  value. 

The  disastrous  effects  upon  their  offspring  of  the 
marriage  of  blood  relations,  it  seems  probable,  are 
mainly,  if  not  wholly,  referable  to  the  similarity  of 
constitution  inherited  by  each  from  the  common 
stock;  for  we  find  that  such  unions  are  by  no  means 
uniformly  unfavorable  to  progeny — some  instances 
being  quoted  by  eminent  writers  on  the  subject, 
where  intermarriage  has  resulted  in  the  improvement 
instead  of  the  deterioration  of  the  families"  thus 
uniting  their  members.  It  is  likely  that  a  close  in- 
vestigation into  the  circumstances  in  such  cases 
would  show  either  an  approximate  balance  of  tem- 
peramental elements  in  the  parties,  furnishing  no 
excesses  or  deficiencies  to  be  exaggerated  in  progeny, 
or  else  an  exceptional  diversity  in  the  constitutions 
of  the  male  and  female  members  of  these  families. 

The  Vital  system  is  the  life-giving  and  life-sustain- 
ing element  in  the  human  constitution,  and  must  be 
considered  as  the  physical  basis  of  marriage  and  of 
parentage.  This  temperamental  element  should 
therefore,  undoubtedly  be  strongly  indicated  in  one, 
at  least,  of  the  parties  to  a  conjugal  union ;  and  if 
strikingly  deficient  in  one,  should  be  predominant  in 


FIG.   59.— MISS 


FXG.  60.— VICTOR  M.   RICK. 

TEMPERAMENT  AND  MARRIAGE. 

PI  ATF  YYVIH. 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      135 

the  other,  to  insure  a  proper  balance  in  offspring.  A 
man  like  Fig.  57,  for  instance,  with  an  excess  of 
the  Mental  Temperament  and  deficient  in  vital  stam- 
ina, should  either  remain  single  or  marry  a  woman 
organized  like  Fig.  58  or  Fig.  66,  with  an  immense 
fund  of  vitality,  but  sufficiently  intellectual  to  appre- 
ciate him,  share,  in  a  degree,  his  aspirations  and  sym- 
pathize with  him  in  his  tastes.  With  one  like  Fig. 
59  for  a  wife,  the  children,  if  any,  would  probably 
be  few  and  puny  and  die  young,  the  too  keen  sensi- 
bilities, the  excess  of  mental  activity,  and  the  inten- 
sity of  all  the  pains  they  suffer  or  the  pleasures  they 
enjoy,  would  soon  wear  out  the  inadequate  physical 
system  with  which  alone  their  parents  were  able  to 
endow  them. 

Where  the  Motive  Temperament  is  strongly  indi- 
cated, as  in  Figs.  64  and  65,  there  is  needed  in  the 
one  selected  as  "  partner  for  life,"  a  predominance  of 
the  vital  or  nutritive  system,  as  in  Figs.  62  and  66, 
to  impart  vivacity  and  cheerfulness  to  the  family 
circle,  and  to  transmit  to  offspring  the  proper  degree 
of  mental  and  physical  activity,  warmth,"  amiability, 
and  suavity  of  character,  as  well  as  to  give  a  desirable 
softness  and  plumpness  to  the  physical  system  ;  while 
a  good  development  of  the  Mental  is  requisite  to 
refine,  elevate,  stimulate,  and  give  intellectual  power 
and  aesthetic  tastes. 

A  man  with  a  strongly  developed  Motive  Tempera- 
ment (Figs.  64  and  65),  united  in  marriage  to  a  womar 
of  the  same  organization  (Fig.  63),  would  lack  the 
stimulating,  warming,  and  softening  influences  which 
so  favorably  modify  the  somewhat  slow,  cold,  rough, 


136  The  Temperaments, 

hard,  and  austere  features  characteristic  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  the  pair  would  move  too  slowly  for  the 
current  of  progress  around  them,  unless  awakened 
by  the  strong  influence  of  some  grand  revolutionary 
movement,  and  their  children  would  inherit,  in  a  still 
higher  degree,  their  homely  angularities  of  person, 
and  their  energetic,  persistent,  and  sturdy,  but  hard, 
rough,  and  severe  traits  of  character.  Fortunately 
the  Motive  Temperament  (Fig.  63)  is  not  a  common 
one  among  women,  nor  do  men  of  this  organization 
affect  their  style  of  beauty,  even  in  its  modified 
feminine  form,  but  look  rather  for  the  plump  rosiness 
of  the  fair-haired  blonde,  or  the  pale,  delicate  loveli- 
ness of  the  gray-eyed  Psyche,  whose  frailness  appeals 
to  their  strength,  and  whose  mental  quickness  con- 
trasts so  strongly  with  their  slow,  but  powerful  in- 
tellectual movements.  In  general,  a  medium  between 
these  two  attractions  will  be  found  the  safest  and  best 
course  for  them. 

A  rational,  natural,  and  harmonious  marriage  con- 
nection requires  to  have  its  foundations  laid  in  a 
broad,  full  vitality,  but  this  element  must  not  com- 
prise also  the  superstructure.  Where  both  parties 
are  of  the  Vital  Temperament  (Figs.  60  and  66),  the 
union  is  not  favorable,  either  to  them  or  to  their 
children.  There  being  no  cooling,  restraining,  or  re- 
fining influence  at  work  with  them,  the  parents  are 
apt  to  give  way  too  much  to  their  impulses  and  pas- 
sions, to  live  too  fast,  to  fall  into  excesses  and  dis- 
sipations, be  fitful,  vacillating,  and  indolent,  and  to 
transmit  to  their  children  too  much  of  the  animal 
nature,  too  little  mental  power,  and  an  excess  of 


FIG.  6l. — HON.   MR.    TUUAN 


FIG.  62. — PRINCES?  GISELA  OF  AUSTRIA. 

TEMPERAMENT    AND     MARRIAGE. 
PLATE  XXIX. 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      137 

appetite,  passion,  and  love  of  pleasure.  An  influen- 
tial development  of  the  Mental  and  the  Motive 
(Figs.  59  and  65)  elements  in  a  husband  or  wife 
should  be  sought  by  a  person  of  a  full  Vital  Tem- 
perament (Figs.  58  and  60),  the  one  to  give  tough- 
ness, consistency,  persistence,  and  coolness,  and  the 
other  to  refine  and  elevate  the  character,  and  impart 
intellectuality,  taste,  and  love  of  culture  to  offspring. 

From  the  foregoing  considerations  it  appears  that 
the  point  to  be  aimed  at  is  a  proper  balance  in  all 
the  temperamental  elements,  what  is  lacking  in  the 
husband  to  be  made  up  by  the  wife,  and  vice  versa — 
the  one  being  a  complement  or  counterpoise  of  the 
other,  so  that  an  even  development,  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible, may  be  transmitted  to  offspring. 

Beyond  the  somewhat  general  statements  thus 
made,  the  correctness  of  which  can  hardly  be  called 
in  question,  it  is  not,  perhaps,  in  the  present  state  of 
our  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  social  harmony,  safe 
to  go.  We  have  correctly  given,  as  we  believe,  the 
general  law  of  harmony  in  our  social  relations.  If 
we  can  not  lay  down  exact  formula  for  its  practical 
application,  which  will  apply  to  all  cases,  it  is  simply 
because  the  gamut  of  the  human  passions,  unlike 
that  of  the  musical  notes,  has  not  been  definitely 
determined,  or  the  elements  of  our  physical  organ- 
ization reduced  to  a  graduated  series.  The  time  will 
come,  in  the  progress  of  the  race  in  knowledge, 
when  men  will  touch  with  no  uncertain  fingers  the 
keys  which  are  to  render  the  sublime  anthem  of  dis- 
enthralled and  harmonized  humanity.  In  the  mean- 
time, reader,  first  "  know  thyself,"  mentally  and  tern- 


138  The  Temperaments. 

peram  en  tally,  and  then,  through  the  "Signs  of 
Character" — as  stamped  upon  every  organization— 
upon  the  cranium,  upon  the  face,  upon  every  organ, 
feature,  and  movement  —  study  and  become  ac- 
quainted with  those  around  you,  and  you  will  find 
little  difficulty  in  determining,  in  reference  to  any 
particular  individual  of  the  opposite  sex,  whether 
there  is,  between  you  and  him  or  her  that  graduated 
difference  which  might  bring  harmony  out  of  union. 

II.— Temperament  and  Family  Government. 

As  some  of  the  children  resemble  the  father,  others 
"take  after"  the  mother,  and  a  third  class  combine 
in  different  degrees  the  Temperaments  of  both,  there 
are  often  in  the  same  family  a  diversity  of  organiza- 
tions to  deal  with.  The  light  already  thrown  upon 
the  subject,  in  previous  chapters,  will  suggest  a  mode 
of  family  government  which  shall  be  flexible  enough 
to  admit  of  a  different  treatment  for  different  or- 
ganizations. 

At  first,  as  we  have  shown,  the  Vital  system  has 
normally  the  ascendency  in  the  child,  and  the  rest- 
less activity  which  impels  to  fun  and  mischief,  and 
keeps  body  and  limbs  in  perpetual  motion,  are  but 
the  expression  of  that  organic  condition,  and  is  sel- 
dom punishable,  in  any  form,  and  least  of  all  by 
imprisonment — the  greatest  of  cruelties  in  such  cases. 
If  it  be  necessary  that  the  child  be  kept  still  at  all, 
the  periods  of  enforced  quiet  should  be  as  brief  as 
possible.  Whether  one  may  "spare  the  rod"  and 
not  "spoil  the  child  "  or  not,  is  a  question  we  do  not 
purpose  to  discuss  here ;  but  a  little  whipping,  if  it 


FIG.  64.— A.  E.  B.  PHELPS. 

TEMPERAMENT     IN     MARRIAGE. 


PLATE   XXX. 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      139 

do  no  good,  will  do  no  great  harm  to  a  child  of  the 
Vital  Temperament,  and  will  soon  be  forgotten,  as 
well  as  the  occasion  which  called  for  it. 

When  the  Mental  Temperament  becomes  influen- 
tial, as  it  unfortunately  too  often  does  at  an  early  age 
in  those  who  have  inherited  a  strong  tendency  to  it, 
the  keen  sensibilities,  the  refined  tastes,  the  self- 
respect,  the  sense  of  moral  responsibility,  give  the  par- 
ent something  higher  than  fear  of  the  rod  to  which 
he  can  appeal,  and  make  corporal  punishments  de- 
grading as  well  as  cruel.  The  basis  of  parental  gov 
ernment  is  then  entirely  changed  and  placed  on  a 
higher  plane.  Children  prematurely  developed  in  the 
intellectual  faculties  and  in  the  moral  sentiments,  re- 
quire little  correction  of  any  kind.  They  are  generally 
"  good  little  boys  and  girls,"  who  are  pointed  out  by 
parents  and  teachers  as  examples  for  those  embodi- 
ments of  fun  and  mischief,  the  robust,  full-blooded, 
round-faced  "  children  who  will  be  children,"  and  act 
like  children,  in  spite  of  both  precept  and  example  to 
the  contrary.  If  "whom  the  gods  love  die  young," 
their  affections  are  evidently  given  to  the  "  smart " 
juvenile  men  and  women,  who  love  their  books,  do 
not  care  for  play,  and  are  too  good  to  require  the  rod. 
Parents  love  them  too,  and  if  they  desire  to  keep 
them  on  earth  for  the  performance  of  their  life's  work 
here,  they  should  restrain  their  too  great  mental  ac- 
tivity, and  encourage  exercise  and  active  sports,  and 
foster  in  every  possible  way  the  development  of  the 
Vital  system. 

The  Motive  Temperament  is  less  liable  than  the 
Mental  to  premature  development.     It  sometimes, 


140  The  Temperaments. 

however,  makes  its  physical  and  mental  peculiarities 
manifest  at  too  early  a  day.  Children  of  this  Tem- 
perament have  not  the  bodily  activity  and  love  of 
motion  characteristic  of  those  in  whom  the  Vital  sys- 
tem predominates,  or  the  intellectual  liveliness  and 
quickness  of  those  possessing  the  Mental  Tempera- 
ment. They  are  strong  and  tough,  but  deliberate  in 
movement  and  in  thought,  and  may  seem  dull  and 
stupid  by  the  side  of  those  in  whom  brain-power  is 
the  leading  element,  but  they  have  stamina,  steadi- 
ness, energy,  and  perseverance,  and  are  not  unlikely  to 
reach  the  distant  goal  ahead  of  their  more  active  com- 
petitors. They  are  not  so  apt  to  "  get  into  scrapes," 
or  to  transgress  the  rules,  through  a  mere  thoughtless 
love  of  mischief,  as  those  having  the  Vital  constitution, 
but  they  do  not  like  to  be  subjected  to  authority,  and 
are  often  rebellious  against  wholesome  restraint,  while 
their  strong  wills,  dogged  resolutions,  pluck,  and  per- 
sistency render  them  very  difficult  to  manage.  They 
must  be  held  in  with  a  taut  rein  and  a  strong  hand. 
No  compromises  or  half-way  measures  will  do  for 
them.  They  will  give  up  only  when  their  slow-acting, 
but  cool  and  correct  judgment  tells  them  that  it 
would  be  folly  to  resist. 

III.— Illustrative  Examples. 

When  it  comes  to  dealing  with  daughters  of  a  mar- 
riageable age,  but  still  "  infants  "  in  the  eyes  of  the 
law,  a  most  delicate  and  often  difficult  task  is  imposed 
upon  parents.  Having  watched  over,  nursed,  and  ed- 
ucated them  with  a  tender  solicitude  for  their  welfare, 
and  seen  them  grow  up  in  beauty  and  moral  love- 


FIG.  65.— K.    B.   WOODWARD. 


FIG.  66. — NELL  GWYMNB. 

TEMPERAMENT     AND     MARRIAGE. 
PLATE  XXXI 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      141 

Iiness,  it  is  hard  sometimes  to  give  them  up,  even  to 
the  most  honorable,  suitable,  and  loving  husband ; 
and  sometimes  the  suitor  is  not  suitable,  and  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  the  union  on  which  the  daughter 
has  set  her  heart  would  prove  disastrous  to  her  hap- 
piness. What  shall  the  devoted  parents  do?  The 
author  of  "  Wedlock  "*  answers  this  momentous  ques- 
tion in  the  light  of  Temperament  and  Mental  Organ- 
ization by  means  of  the  following  illustrative  exam- 
ples, which  we  can  do  no  better  than  to  quote  in  full : 

THE  CASE  OF  MARY  SMITH. 

Mary  Smith  is  a  young  lady  of  sixteen  summers, 
living  in  the  country.  She  has  a  predominance  of 
the  Vital  Temperament,  average  intelligence  and 
moral  sense,  moderate  Self-esteem  and  Firmness, 
and  pretty  strong  social  feelings.  She  is  fashionably 
rather  than  solidly  educated,  and  is  vivacious,  affec- 
tionate, amiable,  and  easily  influenced  by  stronger  • 
and  more  positive  natures — a  good  girl,  but  one  with 
no  great  strength  either  of  character  or  feeling.  Her 
future  will  depend  far  more  upon  others  than  upon 
herself. 

Mary  goes  to  the  city  to  visit  some  relatives,  and 
is  thrown  into  the  society  of  a  number  of  young 
men.  One  of  them — a  dark-haired,  muscular  man, 
with  a  predominating  Motive  Temperament,  and  a 
strong,  positive,  imperious  character — pays  her  par- 
ticular attentions,  says  pleasant  things,  and  makes 


*  Wedlock ;  or,  The  Right  Relation  of  the  Sexes.    New  York 
S.  R.  Wells  &  Co. 


142  The  Temperaments* 

himself  generally  agreeable.  He  dresses  well,  sings 
delightfully,  and  has  all  the  external  polish  of  a 
gentleman.  His  person  and  manners  please  Mary's 
Ideality,  and  his  attentions  (something  new  to  her) 
gratify  hef  Approbativeness ;  and  when  he  says  he 
loves  her,  she  thinks  herself  very  much  in  love  with 
him.  He  visits  her  in  the  country.  Mr.  Smith  don't 
like  him.  He  has  more  knowledge  of  men  than  his 
daughter.  We  will  not  suppose  him  to  be  either  a 
phrenologist  or  a  physiognomist,  but  he  has  an  in- 
tuitive perception  of  character,  and  the  young  man's 
looks  do  not  please  him.  He  makes  inquiries  in  the 
city,  and  learns  that  this  candidate  for  his  daughter's 
hand  is  a  "fast"  young  man  of  a  decidedly  dissolute 
character. 

Now  when  this  roue'  "  proposes  "  and  is  referred  to 
"pa,"  what  shall  Mr.  Smith  do?  Shall  he  allow  his 
daughter  to  throw  herself  away  upon  this  miserable 
scamp,  whom  she  thinks  she  loves,  but  whom  she 
would  soon,  if  married  to  him,  learn  to  despise  and 
loathe  ?  The  father  says  No,  very  emphatically ;  and 
he  does  right.  The  young  man  storms,  and  Miss 
Mary  cries  and  declares  in  the  most  positive  manner 
that  she  can  never  live  without  her  dear  Harry— that 
all  her  hopes  of  happiness  in  this  world  are  nipped 
in  the  bud,  and  much  more  of  the  same  sort,  in  all 
of  which  she  is  perfectly  sincere.  It  grieves  her 
good  father  to  be  obliged  to  distress  her,  but  he 
knows  too  much  of  her  character  to  have  any  fears 
of  permanent  ill-effects  from  her  disappointment. 

Within  a  year  the  "  dear  Harry "  has  eloped  with 
a   Madison-Square   heiress,   and   Mary  has   another 


FIG.  68.— MARIE  SOPHIE  SCHWARTZ. 

TEMPERAMENT     IN     THE     TEACHER. 

PLATE  XXXII. 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.       143 

lover,  and  is  as  smiling  and  happy  as  ever.  She  has 
long  since  thanked  her  father,  with  tears  of  gratitude 
in  her  eyes,  for  having  saved  her  from  the  selfish 
adventurer  whom  she  thought  she  loved. 

This  was  a  "love  affair,"  in  the  common  accepta- 
tion of  the  term,  but  there  was  really  no  true  love 
concerned  in  it.  On  one  side  it  was  a  heartless  and 
selfish  piece  of  deception,  and  on  the  other  a  mere 
passing  fancy.  Similar  cases  are  constantly  occurring, 
and  the  duty  of  parents  in  reference  to  them,  it  seems 
to  us,  is  plain.  Remember  Mr.  Smith,  and  go  and  do 
likewise. 

Now  let  us  look  at  a  case  of  another  kind : 

ELLEN  JONES'   "LOVE  AFFAIR." 

Ellen  Jones  is  in  many  respects  the  opposite  of 
Mary  Smith.  A  Mental-Motive  Temperament;  a 
good  degree  of  Self-esteem  and  Firmness,  with  not 
too  much  Approbativeness ;  considerable  Combative- 
ness  and  strong  affections  give  her  mental  constitu- 
tion a  marked  and  decided  character.  She  is  not 
easily  led,  and  has  a  mind  and  a  will  of  her  own. 
She,  moreover,  is  nineteen ;  has  been  a  good  deal  in 
"  society ;  "  has  had  suitors ;  and  is  accustomed  to  the 
polite  attentions  of  gentlemen,  which  she  knows  how 
to  estimate  at  their  proper  value. 

At  last  Ellen  finds  herself  loved  by  one  whose  love 
she  can  return ;  ajid  she  loves  him  with  all  the  ardor 
and  strength  of  her  strong,  positive  nature.  He  is 
adapted  to  her  in  Temperament  and  disposition,  and 
loves  her  truly ;  but  in  this  case,  as  in  the  other,  the 
father  does  not  approve  of  the  daughter's  choice 


144  The  Temperaments. 

Nothing  can  be  said  against  the  young  man's  moral 
character;  but  he  is  poor;  is  not,  in  Mr.  Jones' 
opinion,  calculated  to  make  a  fortune  very  soon ; 
and  in  social  position  is  not  Ellen's  equal.  Mr.  Jones 
thinks  Ellen  might  do  better — a  great  deal  better. 

Will  Mr.  Jones  imitate  Mr.  Smith,  and  put  his 
veto  on  the  engagement?  Not  if  he  be  wise  and 
love  his  daughter.  He  has  no  soft,  pliable,  easy  nat- 
ure to  deal  with.  When  Ellen  says  she  loves,  she 
knows  what  she  is  talking  about,  and  means  all  she 
says ;  and  if  she  declare  that  a  union  with  the  chosen 
one  is  absolutely  essential  to  her  happiness,  she  states 
merely  the  simple  fact.  To  love  once,  with  her,  is 
to  love  forever.  If  her  father  refuse  his  consent,  she 
will  wait  till  of  age  and  then  marry,  if  need  be,  with- 
out his  consent ;  or  if  he  succeed  in  breaking  off  the 
match  altogether,  he  will  have  blighted  his  daughter's 
life  and  destroyed  her  only  chance  for  happiness  in 
this  world.  He  should  yield  to  her  wishes  even 
against  his  own  judgment  in  regard  to  the  fitness  of 
the  match. 

This  is  also  a  sample  of  a  large  class  of  cases  in 
which  we  think  the  duty  of  parents  is  equally  plain 
as  in  the  other.  Any  interference  that  shall  amount 
to  a  prohibition  can  result  in  nothing  but  evil.  It  is 
best,  when  dealing  with  such  characters  and  under 
such  circumstances,  to  let  love  take  its  course  even 
though  we  can  not  fully  approve  its  choice. 

There  are  cases,  no  doubt,  hardly  referable  to 
either  of  these  classes,  in  which  it  will  be  exceed- 
ingly difficult  to  decide  rightly  what  to  do — cases  to 
which  no  general  rule  that  we  can  lay  down  will 


Temperament  in  the  Domestic  Relations.      145 

apply ;  but  a  knowledge  of  the  human  organization, 
physical  and  mental,  a  conscientious  desire  to  do 
right,  and  an  humble  reliance  upon  Divine  guidance, 
will  generally  make  plain  the  path  of  duty  in  this  as 
in  other  matters  involving  human  feelings  and  human 
welfare. 


WENDKI.L   PHILLIPS. 


XI. 

TEMPERAMENT  AND  EDUCATION. 

In  both  the  teacher  and  the  pupil,  Temperament 
is  an  element  of  no  small  importance.  If  the  one  is 
to  impart  knowledge,  draw  out  latent  powers,  and  de- 
velop natural  capacities,  he  must  not  merely  have  the 
knowledge  to  impart  and  be  aware  of  the  existence 
of  the  powers  and  capacities  upon  which  he  is  to 
operate,  but  he  must  understand  the  physical  and 
mental  organization  of  the  subject  of  his  efforts,  in 
order  to  know  how  best  to  open  his  mind  and  throw 
the  vivifying  light -into  its  inmost  recesses  ;  and  if  the 
other  is  to  receive  knowledge,  to  give  out  his  latent 
powers,  and  grow  in  understanding  and  capacity  for 
the  conception  of  ideas,  he  must  be  placed  under 
conditions  suited  to  his  peculiar  constitution  and 
favorable  to  his  natural  activity.  In  other  words, 
the  teacher  must  have  aptness  to  teach  and  the  pupil 
must  be  placed  in  conditions  of  temperamental  har- 
mony with  his  teacher  and  with  his  fellow-students  ; 
and  this  implies,  on  the  part  of  the  former,  a  suitable 
Temperament  in  himself,  and  a  good,  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  doctrine  of  the  Temperaments,  to  be 
applied  in  the  labors  of  the  school-room — in  classify- 
ing his  pupils,  in  suiting  his  instructions  to  the 
various  classes,  and  in  governing  widely  different 
dispositions. 
(146) 


Temperament  and  Education.  147 

I.— Temperament  in  the  Teacher  (Figs.  07 
and  68). 

Physically,  the  good  teacher  must  have  vital  stam- 
ina, toughness,  and  endurance ;  mentally,  he  must  be 
active,  clear-headed,  and  comprehensive ;  morally,  he 
must  be  warm-hearted,  sympathetic,  and  affable,  as 
well  as  energetic,  persevering,  and  firm.  There  must 
be  a  sufficient  development  of  the  Motive  constitu- 
tion to  give  strength  and  density  of  fiber  to  the  body, 
and  coolness,  steadfastness,  and  force  of  character  to 
the  mind ;  enough  of  the  Mental  element  to  impart 
delicacy,  refinement,  intellectual  quickness,  capacity, 
and  high  moral  principles ;  and  so  much  of  the  Vital 
condition  as  will  serve  to  sustain  and  give  vigor, 
warmth,  susceptibility,  and  vivacity  to  both  the  phys- 
ical and  the  mental  functions.  In  short,  the  teacher 
requires,  as  near  as  may  be,  a  balance  of  the  temper- 
amental elements.  With  such  an  organization — too 
rare,  we  fear,  at  present,  to  supply  all  the  teachers  the 
world  needs — there  will  be  dignity  without  stiffness ; 
determination  without  harshness ;  liveliness  without 
frivolity ;  pluck  and  executive  power  without  quar- 
relsomeness ;  ardor  and  enthusiasm  without  passion 
and  blind  impulse ;  and  capacity  for  conception  and 
expression  without  pedantry  and  volubility.  He 
would  not  only  possess  the  necessary  knowledge,  but 
would  be  able  to  communicate  it ;  not  only  have  the 
capacity  to  lead,  but  the  power  to  control ;  and  he 
would  be  loved  as  well  as  respected. 

Without  an  approximation  to  the  qualifications  we 
have  enumerated,  no  one  is  or  can  be  fitted  for  the 


148  The  Temperaments, 

office  of  teacher,  though  where  persons  suitably  or 
ganized  and  educated  can  not  be  found,  we  must,  of 
course,  do  the  best  we  can  with  the  inferior  materials 
at  command.  Where  the  natural  educator,  with  all 
the  acquired  qualifications  which  study  and  experi- 
ence can  impart,  offers  himself,  he  should  be  gladly 
received,  duly  honored,  and  adequately  rewarded  ;  so 
that  he  will  not  be  tempted  to  seek  some  other 
profession  because  more  remunerative  or  more  re- 
spected. Of  all  who  aspire  to  teach,  it  should  at 
least  be  required  that  they  have  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  Temperaments  and  the  ability  to  adapt 
their  instructions,  in  a  degree  at  least,  to  the  organi- 
zation of  each  class  of  pupils. 

II. — Temperament  in  the  Pupil  (Figs.  69  to  72). 

With  a  classification  of  pupils  according  to  Tem- 
perament, practicable  and  easy  with  him,  the  properly 
organized  and  qualified  teacher,  having,  as  nearly  as 
may  be,  a  balanced  Temperament,  would  be  able  to 
put  himself,  through  his  sympathy  and  adaptability, 
into  intimate  relations  with  each  class,  on  its  own 
plane.  The  intellectual  activity  and  studiousness  of 
the  Mental;  the  slowness,  but  effective  power  and 
persistence  of  the  Motive ;  and  the  liveliness,  suscep- 
tibility, and  instability  of  the  Vital,  would  all  be  met 
with  a  wise  forethought  of  each  temperamental  pecu- 
liarity, and  the  mode  of  instruction  and  of  discipline 
adapted  to  each  in  turn. 

I.  The  Mental  Temperament  (Fig.  69). — Children  in 
whom  the  Mental  system  is  most  influential  are  dis- 
posed to  intellectual  activity,  have  desire  to  learn. 


riG.  69.— MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


FIG.  70.— -MOTIVE  TEMPERAMENT. 


rtO.  71.— VITAL  TEMPERAMENT 


FIG.  72. — VITAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


TEMPERAMENT     IN     CHILDREN. 
PLATE  XXXIII. 


Temperament  and  Education.  149 

and  acquire  knowledge  rapidly.  They  are  generally 
fond  of  study,  have  excellent  memories  for  facts  and 
rules,  and  readily  comprehend  the  teacher's  explana- 
tions, where  any  are  required.  They  go  to  the  head 
of  their  classes,  get  much  praise  for  their  studiousness 
and  their  remarkable  proficiency  in  their  studies,  and 
are  incited  thereby  to  still  greater  exertions.  They 
need  no  stimulus  to  quicken  their  attention  or  spur 
them  on,  but,  on  the  contrary,  often  require  to  be 
held  back,  and  the  counteracting  influences  of  occu- 
pations and  recreations,  involving  outdoor  muscular 
exercise,  brought  to  bear  upon  them  to  prevent  per- 
manent injury  to  their  physical  constitutions.  They 
should  be  encouraged  to  frequent  the  gymnasium  (if 
one  be  at  hand  under  proper  physiological  manage- 
ment), to  play  ball,  to  row,  and  to  ride.  Explain  to 
them,  good  teacher  (and  they  will  readily  understand 
you),  that  without  health  and  vital  stamina  their 
learning  will  avail  them  nothing  in  the  end,  and  that 
they,  proud  as  they  are  of  their  superior  attainments, 
will  finally  be  distanced  in  the  race  by  the  dull,  back- 
ward, homely  fellows  whose  places  are  now  at  the 
foot  of  the  class,  unless  they  can  acquire  and  retain 
the  necessary  bodily  vigor  to  back  up  their  mental 
activity. 

Fig.  69  is  that  of  an  intellectually  precocious  boy, 
and  examples  of  a  similar  configuration  are,  alas ! 
too  common.  It  is  the  body,  in  such  cases,  rather 
than  the  mind,  which  needs  culture,  and  we  beg  the 
parents  and  teachers  of  such  children,  as  they  value 
their  health,  their  welfare — their  lives,  in  fact — to 
cease  to  stimulate  their  minds  and  hasten  to  pro- 


150  The  Temperaments, 

mote  vital  and  muscular  development,  as  a  means 
of  imparting  an  enduring  power  to  the  brain,  as  well 
as  of  counteracting  its  excessive  activity.  It  is  some- 
times said  of  such  children  that  they  are  "  old-look- 
ing," and  the  remark  is  a  correct  one.  Such  a  form 
of  head  and  face  belongs  only  to  the  adult,  and  is  a 
deformity  in  a  child.  Children  of  such  an  organiza- 
tion and  configuration  are  "  too  smart  to  live ;"  and, 
if  they  do  not  die  young,  will  fail  to  realize  the  fond 
hopes  of  their  parents,  simply  on  account  of  the  lack 
of  physical  power. 

2.  The  Vital  Temperament  (Figs.  71  and  72). — Here 
we  find  activity  equal  to  that  manifested  in  the 
Mental  Temperament,  but  it  is  of  another  kind,  and 
leads  to  different  results.  Children  of  the  Vital 
Temperament  (sanguine  type)  are  round-faced,  ruddy, 
blue-eyed,  light-haired,  overflowing  with  animal  spir- 
its, perpetually  in  motion,  full  of  jollity  and  good 
nature,  prone  to  mischief,  and  not  very  fond  of  either 
study  or  hard  work.  Their  attention  is  easily  at- 
tracted, however,  and  though  it  can  be  held  but  a 
short  time  to  any  particular  subject,  they  learn 
readily,  provided  the  lessons  be  made  easy  and  not 
too  long.  They  are  always  wide  awake,  listen  eagerly 
when  the  teacher  speaks,  and  like  to  get  their  in- 
struction orally,  instead  of  from  the  text-book;  but 
in  any  case  their  attention  is  as  easily  diverted  as  it 
is  gained,  and  long-continued  application  is  impos- 
sible. Such  children  require  frequent  recesses  for 
recreation,  and  should  be  allowed  some  latitude  in 
the  way  of  movement  in  the  school-room.  They 
can  not  be  kept  still,  and  all  attempts  to  enforce  the 


Temperament  and  Education.  151 

law  of  quietness  must  end  in  failure.  Mr.  Sizer,  in 
the  American  Phrenological  Journal,  recommends  to 
classify  such  children  together,  if  possible,  and  "  once 
in  twenty  minutes  have  them  march  around  the 
room  ;  let  them  study  standing  for  five  minutes,  and 
then  sitting ;  let  one  of  them  listen  to  the  lesson  of 
the  others,  and  alternate ;  they  should  have  stories 
told ;  they  should  recite  in  concert,  so  that  they  may 
have  a  chance  to  make  a  noise.  In  short,  every 
method  should  be  devised  to  give  them  occasion  for 
change.  These  children  have  generally  a  good  mem- 
ory of  words ;  they  will  learn  to  recite  by  heart ;  * 
they  are  good  spellers,  often  have  a  talent  for  figures, 
and  are  very  fond  of  geography,  though  they  would 
like  to  study  by  taking  the  world  for  a  map."  They 
will  be  rather  superficial  at  best,  but  will  make  the  most 
in  after-life  of  all  the  knowledge  they  may  acquire.  For 
abstract  science,  thorough  investigation,  and  patient 
research,  they  have  neither  the  taste  nor  the  capacity. 
Children  in  whom  the  dark  variety  of  the  Vital 
Temperament  (Bilious-Vital)  prevails,  while  mani- 
festing a  similar  restless  activity  of  body,  love  of  fun 
and  mischief,  impatience  of  restraint,  and  distaste 
for  hard  study,  lack  the  alertness  and  impressibility 
of  the  sanguine  variety.  On  the  contrary,  they  are 
apt  to  be  rather  dull,  slow,  inert,  and  passive,  as 
regards  the  reception  of  instruction ;  but  they  are 
more  persistent  in  their  attention  and  application, 
and  have  more  retentive  memories,  offering  a  firmer 
basis  for  judicious  culture  than  the  other  class.  They 
are  stronger-willed  and  more  passionate  and  ob- 
stinate than  children  of  the  light-haired  type. 


152  The  Temperaments, 

3.  The  Motive  Temperament  (Fig.  70). — As  we  have 
elsewhere  shown,  the  Motive  Temperament  is  not  a 
normal  one  in  childhood  and  early  youth,  the  Vital 
system  naturally  predominating.  It  is,  however, 
sometimes,  though  much  less  frequently  than  the 
Mental  constitution,  prematurely  developed,  particu- 
larly in  respect  to  those  characteristics  which  are  due 
to  the  influence  of  the  Bilious  element.  It  becomes 
necessary,  therefore,  to  deal  with  it  in  the  family  and 
the  school,  much  more  frequently  than  might,  at  the 
first  view,  be  inferred ;  and  often  in  the  persons  of 
boys  and  girls  (but  more  particularly  the  former)  who 
manifest  in  their  configuration  and  general  appear- 
ance but  few  of  its  physical  traits.  Its  homely  prom- 
inences and  angularities  come  later. 

The  child  in  whom  the  bilious  element  is  predomi- 
nant, and  who  is,  by  inheritance,  strongly  predisposed 
to  the  full  development  of  the  Motive  or  Muscular 
Temperament,  will  be  slow  and  dull  as  a  student, 
receiving  impressions  with  difficulty  and  requiring 
much  explanation  and  illustration,  to  enable  him  to 
comprehend  and  fully  appropriate  the  instruction ;  but 
whatever  is  acquired,  is  retained  with  great  tenacity, 
and  each  fact  or  principle  mastered  is  an  entering 
wedge  which  tends  to  open  the  mind  to  further  ac- 
quirements. There  is  no  brilliancy  about  him,  but 
he  is  sound,  practical,  and  strong.  If  the  superstruct- 
ure goes  up  slowly  and  roughly,  it  has  at  least  a  solid 
foundation  and  a  promise  of  enduring  stability.  It 
requires  unselfish  devotion  as  well  as  patience  and 
perseverance,  on  the  part  of  the  teacher,  to  do  justice 
to   the   pupil  who  manifests  so  little  aptness,  and 


Temperament  and  Education.  153 

who  makes  no  show  of  extraordinary  progress  to  give 
eclat  to  examination  day;  but  the  time  may  come 
when,  after  all  his  brilliant  pupils  shall  have  passed 
into  commonplace  men  and  women  and  been  forgot- 
ten, he  will  be  proud  in  saying :  "  He  was  my  pupil. 
I  gave  his  mind  its  early  discipline,  and  drew  out,  by 
dint  of  persistent  effort,  his  latent  capacities." 

Daniel  Webster  was  one  of  those  slow,  backward 
boys,  of  whom  little  is  expected,  but  who  by  and  by 
astonish  the  world  by  their  exhibition  of  strength  of 
mind  and  executive  ability.  He  had  not  the  Motive 
Temperament,  but  possessed  that  less  common  com- 
bination of  the  bilious  with  the  vital  constitution, 
which  gives  in  childhood  and  youth  a  similar  mental 
inertness  and  passivity,  but  which,  later  in  life,  when 
the  brain  has  come  to  be  more  fully  developed  and 
ambition  has  been  awakened,  becomes  a  source  of 
power,  stability,  and  enduring  efficiency. 

The  grand  object,  in  dealing  with  children  of  the 
Motive  Temperament,  is  to  awaken  the  slumbering 
energies  of  the  mind,  by  bringing  to  bear  upon  them 
the  stimulus  of  emulation  among  those  of  similar 
organization,  and  by  pointing  out  to  them  examples 
in  history  which  shall  excite  their  ambition  and  en- 
courage their  hopes.  Above  all,  have  patience  with 
them  and  do  not  set  them  down  as  dunces  because 
they  lack  quickness  and  brilliancy.  If  sufficient 
mental  development  and  activity  can  be  secured, 
they  will,  in  the  end,  take  their  places  as  leaders  in 
the  spheres  of  active  life ;  otherwise,  they  will  be 
fitted  only  for  the  world's  rough,  hard  work,  or  for 
the  still  rougher  ways  of  lawlessness,  violence,  and 
7* 


154  The  Temperaments. 

crime.  They  do  not  like  restraint,  arid,  both  as  chil* 
dren  and  as  men,  are  often  inclined  to  be  insubordi- 
nate and  set  law  and  order  at  defiance.  Firmness  and 
inflexibility,  tempered  with  kindness,  should  be  ex- 
ercised in  their  discipline. 

III.— General  Considerations. 
How  far  it  may  be  practicable,  at  present,  to 
classify  the  children  in  our  public  or  private  schools 
on  the  basis  of  temperamental  organization,  we  are 
not  prepared  to  say,  but  we  are  confident  that  this 
is  a  result  to  be  desired  and  prepared  for,  and  sure 
to  be  reached,  sooner  or  later,  as  enlightened  views 
of  the  human  organization  shall  generally  prevail. 
Without  this  classification,  however,  a  knowledge  of 
the  facts  we  have  briefly  set  forth  will  enable  the  in- 
telligent teacher  to  adapt  his  instructions  and  dis- 
cipline in  some  degree  to  the  natural  disposition  of 
each  pupil.  He  will  give  the  studious,  sharp-witted, 
clear-headed  subjects  of  the  Mental  Temperament 
no  long  and  minute  explanations  of  rules  or  princi- 
ples, which  they  grasp  at  once,  from  their  books,  but 
will  lead  their  minds  rather  to  the  practical  applica- 
tions of  these  rules  and  principles,  which  they  are 
liable  to  overlook,  and  to  the  danger  of  excessive 
mental  activity,  in  connection  with  defective  vitality ; 
to  the  impulsive,  ardent,  versatile,  vivacious,  and  vola- 
tile pupils  whom  the  rich,  warm  blood  of  the  Vital 
Temperament  impels  to  perpetual  action,  he  will 
prescribe  short  lessons,  frequent  changes,  and  abun- 
dant recreation,  without  attempting  to  chain  their 
roving  minds  continuously  to  any  one  subject ;  while 


Temperament  and  Education-,  155 

the  stronger,  but  slower  and  less  impressible  "  dark, 
homely,  bilious  fellows  "  will  be  patiently  drilled  ac- 
cording to  the  deliberate  action  of  their  own  minds, 
clear  and  full  explanations  being  alternated  with 
time  to  think  out  the  relations  of  things  as  involved 
in  their  lessons. 

The  different  combinations  of  these  primary  Tem- 
peraments will,  of  course,  require  modifications  of 
treatment,  which  will  suggest  themselves  to  the 
teacher  who  has  mastered  the  distinctions  we  have 
so  carefully  indicated  in  previous  chapters;  and  it 
should  be  his  aim  to  so  train  the  minds  and  bodies 
of  the  plastic  beings  under  his  charge,  as  to  promote 
a  harmonious  blending  of  the  temperamental  ele- 
ments, cultivating  those  which  are  too  feebly  devel- 
oped and  restraining  and  counteracting  those  which 
are  too  strong  and  active. 


XII 
TEMPERAMENT  AND  OCCUPATION. 

In  every  profession  and  occupation  we  may  find 
all  the  Temperaments  represented.  There  are  clergy- 
men of  the  Vital  and  Motive  as  well  as  of  the 
Mental  Temperament,  and  sailors,  soldiers,  and  lum- 
bermen of  the  Mental  and  Vital  as  well  as  of  the 
Motive  Temperament ;  but  this  merely  illustrates  the 
well-known  fact  that  people  are  often  out  of  place — 
the  round  pegs  in  the  square  holes  and  the  square 
pegs  in  the  round  holes — in  other  words,  that  acci- 
dental circumstances,  and  not  scientific  principles, 
have  generally  governed  in  the  selection  of  a  trade 
or  profession.  It  is  none  the  less  true  that,  while 
some  persons,  by  virtue  of  a  many-sided,  symmetri- 
cal, harmonious  organization,  are  fitted  to  fill,  with 
nearly  equal  advantage,  almost  any  position  in  life, 
or  follow  any  trade  or  profession,  the  vast  majority 
is  made  up  of  those  whom  Nature  has  adapted  to 
particular  callings,  by  giving  them  organizations  bet- 
ter suited  to  some  particular  species  of  activity  than 
to  others.  It  is  the  object  of'  this  chapter  to  point 
out  these  adaptations,  so  far,  at  least,  as  they  may 
depend  upon  temperamental  conditions  and  the 
mental  manifestations  which  attend  and  mark  these 
conditions. 

(156) 


Temperament  and  Occupation.  157 

I. — Adaptations  of  the  Motive  Temperament 
(Fig.  73). 

In  this  Temperament  we  have  long,  massive  bones  ; 
dense,  tough,  wiry  muscles ;  steel-like  tendons ;  and 
ligaments  of  iron — strength,  endurance,  capacity  for 
physical  exertion,  both  severe  and  prolonged ;  and, 
withal,  a  genuine  love  of  work.  It  furnishes,  then, 
considered  in  its  mere  bodily  aspects,  material  for 
the  rank  and  file  of  the  great  army  of  laborers — 
farmers,  miners,  lumbermen,  artisans  in  all  the 
heavier  trades,  sailors,  soldiers,  etc.  Men  of  this 
constitution  make  the  best  pioneers  of  civilization 
in  new  countries.  The  forests  fall  before  their 
strong  arms.  They  patiently  follow  the  plow  which 
breaks  up  the  broad  prairie.  The  rough  life  of  the 
new  settler  does  not  disgust  or  discourage  them.  No 
dangers  can  turn  them  from  their  course,  and  they 
fight  Indians,  contend  against  the  elements  and  the 
beasts  of  the  forest,  or  resist  disease  and  death  with 
the  same  unconquerable  pluck  and  tenacity  of  pur- 
pose. They  explore  new  regions ;  open  new  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  or  iron ;  build  roads  through  the  wil- 
derness ;  and  prepare  the  way  for  a  higher  civilization 
than  they  carry  with  them.  Wherever  there  is  hard 
work  to  be  done,  great  obstacles  to  be  overcome, 
imminent  danger  to  be  met,  pluck,  energy,  and  per- 
severance to  be  brought  into  action,  we  ought  to 
find,  and  to  a  large  extent  do  find,  men  of  the  Motive 
Temperament  at  the  front. 

As  mechanics,  men  of  the  Motive  Temperament 
should  be  iron-workers,  stone-masons,  blacksmiths, 
ship-builders,  carpenters,  etc. 


158  The  Temperaments. 

But,  so  far,  we  have  been  considering  this  Temper- 
ament as  exhibited  on  the  lower  plane  of  its  activity — 
in  persons  in  whom  the  mental  system  is  not  influen- 
tial, or  has  not  been  awakened,  drawn  out,  and 
developed  by  education  and  exercise.  With  a  full 
(though  subordinate)  development  of  the  mental 
system  and  a  fair  education,  persons  of  the  Motive 
Temperament  become  something  more  than  mere 
hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water.  Workers  they 
still  necessarily  are,  but  workers  with  the  brain  as 
well  as  with  the  hands,  and  the  leaders  and  masters 
of  others  who  work.  They  become  navigators,  dis- 
coverers, explorers,  the  founders  of  colonies,  the 
builders  and  managers  of  railways,  and  the  founders 
of  great  works  generally — the  master-spirits  in  all 
spheres  of  active  life,  where  energy,  courage,  stead- 
fastness, perseverance,  and  practical  ability  are  most 
in  demand.  In  times  of  political  agitation,  and  in 
unsettled  and  lawless  states  of  society,  we  often  find 
them  engaged  in  fomenting  revolutions,  heading  in- 
surrections, or  leading  unauthorized  expeditions  for 
the  purpose  of  conquest  or  plunder.  Restive  under 
the  restraints  of  even  the  most  beneficent  authority, 
loving  liberty  and  hating  tyranny  in  all  its  forms  (ex- 
cept when  exercised  by  themselves),  they  are  ever 
ready  to  lead  in  "  the  fight  for  freedom  ;"  but  so  over- 
mastering, in  many  cases,  is  their  ambition  and  so 
insatiable  their  love  of  power,  that  they  may,  unless 
restrained  by  high  moral  principles,  become  worse 
tyrants  than  those  they  are  so  ready  to  overthrow. 

It  should  be  observed  here  that  while  the  fore- 
going remarks  apply  in  the  main  to  persons  of  the 


Temperament  and  Occupation.  159 

Motive  Temperament  generally,  they  are,  in  part, 
more  emphatically  true  of  those  in  whom  the  dark 
or  bilious  element  is  predominant,  the  sanguine 
variety  showing  somewhat  less  harshness  and  inflex- 
ibility, and  not  being  so  strongly  disposed  to  domineer 
over  all  weaker  natures. 

It  was  fortunate  for  the  American  people  that  their 
Washington  was  a  man  of  the  Sanguine-Vital  type 
(controlled  by  a  predominant  mental  system)  instead 
of  the  dark,  bilious,  or  muscular  constitution.  The 
latter  organization  might  have  given  them  a  more 
powerful  leader,  who  would  sooner  and  with  more 
glory  have  driven  the  enemy  from  the  soil,  but  it 
would  probably  also  have  given  them  a  dictator  and 
a  dynasty  instead  of  "  the  Father  of  his  Country," 
who  was  not  in  love  with  power  and  who  could  lay 
down  the  reins  with  more  pleasure  than  that  which 
he  felt  in  taking  them  up,  at  the  call  of  his  country- 
men. By  his  side  Caesar  and  Napoleon  are  mere 
pretenders. 

Though  the  Motive  Temperament  gives  neithei 
the  taste  nor  any  special  fitness  for  either  of  the 
learned  professions  (so-called),  yet  where  circum- 
stances have  led  men  of  this  constitution  to  become 
clergymen,  lawyers,  or  physicians,  they  have  some- 
times, when  well  endowed  intellectually,  won  distinc- 
tion in  their  professions.  Their  proper  place,  however, 
is  in  the  field  rather  than  in  the  study,  the  office,  or 
the  court-room.  As  clergymen,  they  are  adapted  to 
missionary  labors  in  heathen  lands. 


160  The  Temperaments. 

II.— Adaptations  of  the  Vital  Temperament 
(Fig.  74). 

What  are  the  plump,  round-faced,  blue-eyed,  ruddy, 
jovial,  warm-hearted,  good-natured  subjects  of  the 
Vital  Temperament  best  fitted  for  ?  They  are  full 
of  life,  zeal,  enthusiasm,  and  impetuosity ;  love  fresh 
air  and  outdoor  exercise ;  have  good,  practical  com- 
mon sense,  and  a  general,  knowledge  of  men  and 
things;  are  quick,  shrewd,  fertile  in  resources,  versa- 
tile, and  ready ;  but  they  lack  depth  of  thought  and 
accurate  knowledge,  steadiness,  and  perseverance ;  are 
impulsive  and  passionate ;  love  pleasure  more  than 
duty,  and  are  not  fond  of  hard  work. 

Well,  such  persons  can  do  many  things,  but  prefer 
and  are  best  fitted  for  the  light,  active  employments 
which  necessitate  neither  close  confinement,  continu- 
ous application,  nor  great  muscular  or  mental  exer- 
tion. Having  generally  large  Acquisitiveness  and  a 
good,  practical  perceptive  intellect,  they  do  well  in 
trade,  with  clerks  to  perform  the  drudgery  and  bear 
the  confinement ;  they  "  know  how  to  keep  a  hotel ;" 
may  become  contractors,  agents,  and  superintendents 
in  various  branches  of  business,  or  butchers,  bakers, 
expressmen,  and  conductors,  and  are  not  averse  to 
politics  and  public  office. 

With  the  Motive  element  of  the  constitution 
nearly  equal,  but  subordinate  to  the  Vital  (as  in  Fig. 
98),  there  will  be  immense  capacity  for  steady,  effi- 
cient effort,  with  a  taste  for  hard  work  and  close  ap- 
plication ;  but  the  mental  action  will  be  slow  and 
uncertain,  and  the  character  rather  severe,  harsh,  and 
lacking  in  refinement. 


FIG.   74.— PERf    HYACINTHE. 

PLATE   XXXIV. 


Temperament  and  Occupation.  161 

The  dark  type,  or  Bilious- Vital  Temperament,  im- 
parts more  strength,  perseverance,  steadiness,  and 
capacity  for  actual  work,  as  also  more  pride,  passion, 
and  love  of  domination  than  the  xanthous  variety,  or 
Sanguine-Vital. 

Men  of  the  Vital  Temperament  are  to  be  found 
in  all  the  professions,  but  they  incline  rather  to 
medicine  and  divinity  than  to  law,  and  with  a  good 
mental  development  often  make  very  acceptable  doc- 
tors and  preachers.  As  physicians,  their  shrewdness, 
common  sense,  and  intuitive  knowledge  of  men,  and, 
above  all,  their  good-nature,  sympathy,  and  cheer- 
fulness, are  often  worth  more  to  their  patients  than 
the  accurate  scientific  attainments  and  profound 
professional  learning,  which  they  are  pretty  sure  to 
lack,  could  possibly  be.  Their  sunny  disposition, 
their  hopefulness,  their  strong  vital  magnetism,  and 
their  words  of  cheer,  are  better  remedies  than  their 
drugs,  and  the  sick  ones  to  whom  they  are  called 
begin  to  feel  better  before  they  have  swallowed  the 
first  pill  or  globule. 

As  preachers,  they  are  fluent,  earnest,  fervid,  zeal- 
ous, and  impassioned,  rather  than  scholarly,  pro- 
found, argumentative,  eloquent,  or  elevated  in  tone, 
appealing  to  the  heart  rather  than  to  the  head,  and 
moving  their  hearers  through  the  feelings  rather 
than  through  the  intellect. 

III.— Adaptations   of  the   Mental   Tempera- 
ment (Fig.  75). 

A  comparatively  slight  and  delicately  organized 
body,  small  bones,  thin  muscles,  slender  limbs,  and 


1 62  The  Temperaments, 

a  relatively  large  and  active  brain,  prominent  charac- 
teristics of  the  Mental  Temperament,  suggest  at 
once  light  employments,  requiring  intelligence  and 
skill  rather  than  muscular  power.  Small  hands,  a 
delicate  touch,  and  keen  eyesight  fit  persons  of  this 
Temperament  for  the  lighter  mechanical  arts,  like 
those  of  the  watchmaker  or  jeweler,  and  for  the  con- 
struction of  delicate  machinery,  mathematical  instru- 
ments, etc. ;  also  for  the  lighter  branches  of  horticult- 
ure and  trade. 

But  the  literary  and  aesthetic  tastes,  characteristic 
of  the  mental  organization,  incline  those  in  whom  it 
is  dominant  to  pursuits  more  purely  intellectual  or 
artistic — to  divinity,  medicine,  law,  journalism,  au- 
thorship, teaching,  painting,  sculpture,  music — in  all 
of  which  the  highest  success  may  be  attained,  where 
the  proper  special  mental  developments  exist,  and 
there  is  sufficient  vital  stamina  to  sustain  the  neces- 
sary intellectual  activity.  In  the  tendency  of  this 
Temperament  to  mental  application,  and  the  neglect 
of  physical  exercise  and  recreation,  lies  its  greatest 
danger.  Its  failures  are  generally  due  to  physical 
weakness  and  to  organic  derangements  acting  upon 
the  nervous  system,  rather  than  to  a  lack  of  the  requi- 
site cerebral  development. 

Compounding  the  Mental  with  a  nearly  equal  pro- 
portion of  the  Bilious-Motive  element  in  what  we 
have  called  the  Mental-Motive  Temperament,  we 
have  the  most  powerful  and  effective  organization 
conceivable  for  really  great  works  of  a  solid,  endur- 
ing, and  useful  nature,  whether  in  literature,  science, 
or  the  arts.     It  combines  intellectual  strength  and 


FIG.  76.— ANDREW   JACKSON. 

PLATE  XXXV. 


Temperament  and  Occupation.  163 

activity  and  moral  elevation,  with  the  cool,  steady, 
persistent  power  of  a  dense  and  wiry  physical  organ- 
ization, and  is  capable  of  that  continuous  and  effi- 
cient effort  in  the  chosen  sphere  of  action  which 
alone  gives  grand  final  results. 

With  the  Vital  next  in  strength  and  influence  to 
the  Mental  element,  there  may  be  more  brilliancy 
and  a  greater  temporary  success,  but  a  less  enduring 
fame,  and  a  somewhat  inferior  capacity  for  useful- 
ness in  the  spheres  of  practical  life.  This  combina- 
tion, however,  gives  us  our  greatest  orators,  our  most 
elegant  writers,  as  well  as  many  great  statesmen, 
divines,  lawyers,  and  physicians. 

IV. — Special  Development  for  Particular 
Pursuits. 

In  addition  to  the  temperamental  qualifications 
suggested  in  the  foregoing  sections,  each  trade,  pro- 
fession, or  occupation  requires  for  its  most  efficient 
exercise  certain  special  developments,  as  follows : 

1.  The  Law.— rLziwyers  require  large  Eventuality, 
to  recall  ..Jawcases  and  decisions ;  large  Comparison, 
to  compare  different  parts  of  the  law  and  evidence — > 
to  criticise,  cross-question,  illustrate,  and  adduce 
similar  cases ;  and  large  Language,  to  give  freedom 
of  speech. 

2.  Statesmanship. — Statesmen  require  large  and 
well-balanced  intellects,  to  enable  them  to  understand 
and  see  through  great  public  measures  and  choose 
the  best  course,  together  with  high  moral  heads,  to 
make  them  disinterested  and  seek  the  people's  good, 
not  selfish  ends. 


164  The  Temperaments, 

3.  Medicine. — Physicians  require  large  Perceptive 
Faculties,  so  that  they  may  study  and  apply  a  knowl- 
edge of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  with  skill  and  suc- 
cess; full  Destructiveness,  lest  they  shrink  from 
inflicting  the  pain  requisite  to  cure ;  large  Construct- 
iveness,  to  give  them  skill  in  surgery ;  large  Combat- 
iveness,  to  render  them  resolute  and  prompt ;  large 
Cautiousness,  to  render  them  judicious  and  safe ;  and 
a  large  head,  to  give  them  general  power  of  mind. 

4.  Divinity. — Clergymen  require  a  large  frontal  and 
coronal  region,  the  former  to  give  them  intellectual 
capacity,  and  the  latter  to  impart  high  moral  worth, 
aims,  and  feelings,  elevation  of  character,  and  blame- 
lessness  of  conduct ;  large  Veneration,  Hope,  and 
Spirituality,  to  imbue  them  with  the  spirit  of  faith 
and  devotion ;  large  -  Benevolence  and  Adhesiveness, 
so  that  they  may  make  all  who  know  them  love 
them,  and  thus  win  each  over  to  the  paths  of  truth 
and  righteousness.  Clergymen  will  do  well  to  con- 
sult Phrenology;  it  would  enable  them  to  account 
for  many  seeming  mysteries,  and  give  them  power 
and  influence  to  do  great  good.  It  is  in  the  most 
perfect  harmony  with  the  highest  Christianity. 

5.  Journalism. — Editors  require  large  Individuality 
and  Eventuality,  to  collect  and  disseminate  incidents, 
facts,  news,  and  give  a  practical  cast  of  mind ;  large 
Comparison,  to  enable  them  to  illustrate,  criticise, 
show  up  errors,  and  the  like ;  full  or  large  Combat- 
iveness,  to  render  them  spirited  ;  large  Language,  to 
render  them  copious,  free,  spicy,  and  racy ;  and  large 
Ideality,  to  give  taste  and  elevated  sentiments.  An 
editor    who    understands    and    applies    Phrenology 


Temperament  and  Occupation.  165 

possesses   a   power  which   he   may  use   with   great 
effect. 

6.  Commerce. — Merchants  require  Acquisitiveness, 
to  impart  a  desire  and  tact  for  business ;  large  Hope, 
to  promote  enterprise ;  full  Cautiousness,  to  render 
them  safe ;  large  Perceptives,  to  give  quick  and  cor- 
rect judgment  of  the  qualities  of  goods ;  good  Calcu- 
lation, to  impart  rapidity  and  correctness  in  casting 
accounts;  large  Approbativeness,  to  render  them 
courteous  and  affable ;  and  full  Adhesiveness,  to 
enable  them  to  make  friends  of  customers,  and  thus 
retain  them.  Why  is  one  young  man  a  better  sales- 
man than  another?  and  why  is  one  better  worth  a 
salary  twice  or  thrice  the  amount  than  another? 
Phrenology  answers  this  by  pointing  out  the  consti- 
tutional differences,  and  showing  who  is  and  who  is 
not  adapted  to  mercantile  life. 

7.  The  Mechanic  Arts. — Mechanics  require  strong 
constitutions,  to  give  them  muscular  power  and  love  of 
labor ;  large  Constructiveness  and  Imitation,  to  enable 
them  to  use  tools  with  dexterity,  work  after  a  pattern, 
and  easily  do  whatever  they  see  others  do ;  and  large 
Perceptive  Faculties,  to  give  the  required  judgment 
of  the  qualities  of  materials  and  the  fitness  of  things. 

8.  The  Fine  Arts. — Artists  require  high  organic 
quality  and  large  Ideality,  to  impart  the  necessary 
appreciation  of  the  laws  of  beauty  and  the  rules  of 
taste ;  refinement,  delicacy,  imagination,  and  aspira- 
tion ;  Constructiveness,  to  give  skill  in  the  use  of  the 
implements  of  art ;  Imitation,  to  enable  them  to 
copy  well ;  and  large  Perceptive  Faculties,  to  impart 
judgment  of  the  qualities  and  forms  of  objects. 


XIII. 

TEMPERAMENT  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE. 

It  is  not  our  purpose  to  trench  upon  the  domain 
of  the  medical  writer,  except  so  far  as  that  domain  is 
held  in  common  by  the  physician  and  the  physiolo- 
gist— in  other  words,  we  shall  call  attention  to  the 
relations  between  Temperament  and  disease,  not  for 
the  purpose  of  indicating  what  modifications  of  medi- 
cal treatment  the  different  constitutional  conditions 
require,  but  in  order,  rather,  to  suggest  the  hygienic 
measures  essential  in  each  case  to  insure  health  of 
body  and  mental  sanity.  Incidentally,  we  have  al- 
ready touched  upon  this  subject  in  previous  chapters, 
and  particularly  in  III.  and  IV.,  but  it  is  too  impor- 
tant in  its  bearings  upon  human  welfare  to  be  passed 
over  without  another  and  a  more  complete  presenta 
tion,  under  its  appropriate  head. 

I.-— Predispositions  of  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment (Fig.  76). 

The  Motive  Temperament  gives  great  tenacity  of 
life,  and  power  to  resist  disease  and  its  causes.  It 
has,  nevertheless,  its  weak  points  and  its  natural  pre- 
dispositions to  certain  forms  of  functional  derange- 
ment, which  those  who  possess  it  should  know  how 
to  guard  and  counteract,  so  as  to  insure  the  health 
and  longevity  of  which  their  constitution  is  suscepti- 
ble. 

(166) 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.        167 

In  the  first  place,  the  hardiness,  energy,  and  indif- 
ference to  physical  discomfort  of  persons  of  this 
Temperament  lead  to  imprudent  exposure  to  heat 
and  cold,  malaria,  extreme  fatigue,  hurtful  privations, 
and  dietetic  abuses,  and  thus  render  them  liable  to 
many  diseases  to  which  they  are  not,  on  constitu- 
tional grounds,  particularly  inclined.  We  can  only 
warn  such  persons  that  even  an  iron  constitution  will 
finally  give  way  before  the  assaults  of  diseases  thus 
invited  and  fostered,  and  that  neither  honor  nor 
profit  are  to  be  gained  in  the  struggle  against  a 
fever  or  a  pneumonia  which  might  easily  have  been 
avoided. 

The  special  predisposition  of  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment, especially  in  the  dark  variety,  is  to  diseases  of 
the  stomach,  more  particularly  those  of  a  bilious 
character,  and  this  predisposition  is  often  strength- 
ened by  the  conditions  of  climate,  locality,  diet,  and 
mode  of  life  under  which  this  constitution  finds  its 
fullest  development  and  its  greatest  activity.  This 
tendency,  being  understood,  may,  in  general,  be 
readily  counteracted  by  judicious  hygienic  measures. 

1.  In  the  first  place,  hot,  malarious  districts  should, 
as  far  as  possible,  be  avoided  and  the  diet  be  chosen 
with  reference  to  a  cooling  and  diluent  effect,  to 
which  end,  salted  and  smoked  meats,  spices  and  con- 
diments generally,  tea,  coffee,  and  spirituous  liquors, 
should  be  avoided  and  their  places  supplied  by  fresh 
beef,  mutton,  poultry,  and  game,  in  moderate  quan- 
tities, farinaceous  foods,  vegetables,  and  especially 
fruits. 

2.  The  sanguine  element  of  the  Vital  Tempera- 


i68  The  Temperaments. 

ment,  being  the  natural  antagonist  of  the  bilious 
element  of  the  Motive,  should  be  zealously  cultivated 
wherever  there  is  a  tendency  to  excessive  or  abnor- 
mal action  of  the  latter,  tending  to  functional  de- 
rangement or  disease.  Some  of  the  means  of  doing 
this  consist  in  systematic  exercises  calculated  to 
expand  the  lungs  and  aerate  the  blood,  judicious 
bathing,  recreation,  and  rest. 

For  the  correction  of  the  mental  faults  into 
which  persons  of  this  Temperament  are  prone  to  fall, 
partly  through  deranged  bodily  functions,  such  as 
violent  outbursts  of  passion,  offensive  self-assertion, 
a  domineering  spirit,  and  a  needlessly  harsh  exercise 
of  legitimate  authority,  in  addition  to  the  hygienic 
measures  suggested,  there  should  be  an  assiduous 
cultivation  of  the  mental  constitution  and  especially 
of  those  sentiments  which,  like  Benevolence,  Appro- 
bativeness,  and  Agreeableness,  tend  to  soften  and 
humanize  the  character. 

In  health,  the  Motive  Temperament,  though  it 
may  not  present,  either  in  general  contours  or  in  par- 
ticular features,  forms  equally  agreeable  to  the  eye 
of  refined  taste,  as  are  seen  in  those  of  the  other 
Temperaments,  is  not  by  any  means  deficient  in  at- 
tractions. It  has  a  rough  beauty,  born  of  strength 
and  firmness ;  a  cool  equipoise ;  and  an  air  of  simple 
dignity,  such  as  self-reliance  and  consciousness  of 
power  always  give,  and  commands  respect  if  not  ad- 
miration.  Mentally,  if  it  has  not  the  genial  good- 
nature of  the  Vital  Temperament,  or  the  refinement 
and  delicate  perceptions  of  what  is  fitting  in  manners 
and  right  morals  that  characterize  the  Mental  Tern- 


Temperament  in  Health  a?id  Disease.         169 

perament,  it  is  not,  therefore,  necessarily  either  rude, 
brusque,  or  otherwise  offensive  in  social  intercourse 
or  regardless  of  the  tastes,  feelings,  or  rights  of 
others.  It  is  in  its  excessive  development  or  its 
abnormal  action  that  it  becomes  disagreeable  and 
dangerous. 

II.— Predispositions  of  the  Vital  Tempera- 
ment  (Fig.  yf). 

When  we  hear  it  remarked  of  a  person  that  "  he 
is  the  picture  of  health,"  we  may  safely  infer,  as  a 
general  rule,  that  the  individual  in  question  has  the 
Vital  Temperament.  The  full,  round  cheeks,  the 
general  plumpness,  the  fresh  complexion,  and  the 
lively,  cheerful  expression  of  countenance  which  char- 
acterize this  constitution,  are  popularly  considered 
not  merely  as  signs  of  health  (which  they  certainly 
are  in  the  case  supposed),  but  as  essential  marks  of 
bodily  integrity  and  perfect  functional  action.  The 
fact  is,  however,  that  the  angular  frame,  prominent 
features,  swarthy  complexion,  and  severe  gravity  of 
countenance  associated  with  the  Motive  Tempera- 
ment, and  the  slight  figure,  sharp,  delicate  features, 
and  earnest  thoughtfulness,  seen  in  the  Mental  Tem- 
perament, are  equally  consistent  with  perfect  health ; 
and  the  practical  lesson  taught  by  these  facts  is  that 
to  judge  correctly  of  a  person's  health,  we  must  take 
into  the  account,  as  an  important  factor,  his  natural 
constitutional  condition. 

The  Vital  Temperament,  undoubtedly,  offers  con- 
ditions exceedingly  favorable  to  health  and  physical 
well-being.  It  necessarily  involves,  in  full  measure, 
8 


170  The  Temperaments. 

all  the  elements  which  are  required  to  sustain  in 
vigorous  action  both  brain  and  muscle.  There  is 
good  digestion,  complete  assimilation,  strong  circu- 
lation, and  ample  breathing  power.  Good  blood  in 
abundance  is  prepared,  properly  vitalized,  propelled 
through  every  part  of  the  system,  and  finally  per- 
fectly depurated,  and  its  effete  particles  thrown  out 
of  the  system  by  the  proper  outlets.  The  circle  of 
animal  life  is  unbroken.  Added  to  this  vital  in- 
tegrity, and  partly  dependent  upon  it,  we  find  that 
amiable,  joyous,  hopeful,  and  contented  disposition 
which  is  as  favorable  to  bodily  health  as  it  is  to  hap- 
piness and  peace  of  mind.  But  with  all  these  ad- 
vantages, this  admirable  constitution  has  its  strong 
predispositions  to  derangement  and  disease.  Com- 
plete fullness  easily  becomes  overflowing  excess,  and 
here  is  just  where  the  danger  lies  in  this  Tempera- 
ment— in  excess — in  physical  plethora  and  mental 
exuberance — whence  come  congestions,  inflamma- 
tions, intemperance,  and  sensuality. 

The  diseases  to  which  the  Vital  Temperament  is 
particularly  predisposed,  then,  are  those  of  a  con- 
gestive and  inflammatory  character — fevers,  rheuma- 
tism, apoplexy,  acute  disease  of  the  heart,  etc. — and 
to  active  hemorrhages ;  and  they  are  generally  severe 
and  rapid  in  their  progress.  The  hygienic  measures 
necessary  to  prevent  the  excessive  development  or 
abnormal  activity  of  the  nutritive  system  lie  mainly 
in  calling  into  more  vigorous  action  the  antagonistic 
forces  of  the  locomotive  and  nervous  systems,  so  as 
to  decrease  the  relative  influence  of  the  vital  ele- 
ment.    To  do  this  we  must — 


FIG.  78.— MRS.  MARIANNE  WETMORE. 

PLATE  XXXVJ. 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.         171 

1.  Engage  in  some  employment  involving  a  large 
amount  of  active  muscular  exercise ;  or,  this  being 
impracticable,  substitute  systematic  gymnastic  exer- 
cises calculated  to  produce  the  same  result — the  in- 
crease of  the  locomotive  system,  and  a  corresponding 
relative  decrease  in  the  vital  preponderance. 

2.  Cultivate  the  mental  system  by  a  close  applica- 
tion to  some  business  requiring  the  exercise  of  the 
intellectual  powers ;  systematic  study  of  some  kind, 
particularly  in  the  domain  of  science ;  reading,  reflec- 
tion, and  intercourse  with  cultivated  people  —  full 
activity  for  mind  and  body  being  the  aim. 

3.  Regulate  the  diet  so  as  to  feed  the  muscular 
and  nervous  systems,  rather  than  to  stimulate  the 
vital  processes.  For  suggestions  on  the  selection  of 
foods  for  this  purpose  see  Chapter  IV.,  Section  II. 

As  an  auxiliary,  the  sedative  action  of  water,  judi- 
ciously applied,  and  of  the  Turkish  bath,  should  be 
resorted  to  when  practicable.  Above  all  must  the 
stimulation  of  high-seasoned  foods,  strong  condi- 
ments, tea,  coffee,  and  alcoholic  liquors  be  avoided. 

III.— Predispositions  of  the  Mental  Temper- 
ament (Fig.  78). 

Persons  in  whom  the  Mental  Temperament  is 
strongly  developed  are  frequently  more  thin  and 
pale  than  is  consistent  with  our  notions  of  perfect 
health ;  but  these  individuals,  other  things  being 
equal,  are  less  frequently  ill,  and  are  longer-lived 
than  the  plump,  ruddy,  full-blooded  subjects  of  the 
Vital  Temperament ;  from  which  fact,  however,  the 
true  inference  is  not  that  emaciation  and  pallor  are 


I72  The  Temperaments. 

signs  of  a  better  physical  condition  than  that  indi- 
cated by  the  opposite  qualities  in  contour  and  color, 
but  that  they  are  not,  in  persons  of  the  Mental  Tem- 
perament, symptoms  of  absolute  ill-health.  They 
are  simply  indicative  of  a  too  great  activity  of  the 
brain  relatively  to  the  vigor  of  the  vital  system — a 
condition  by  no  means  desirable,  but,  at  the  same 
time,  less  rather  than  more  subversive  of  health  than 
excessive  vital  action.  A  balance  between  these 
forces  constitutes  the  golden  mean  of  the  highest 
health  and  the  greatest  mental  power. 

The  diseases  to  which  persons  of  the  Mental  Tem- 
perament are  predisposed  are  those  of  a  nervous  and 
spasmodic  character,  manifesting  themselves  in  many 
forms,  but  especially  in  headache,  neuralgia,  sleep- 
lessness, indigestion,  palpitations  of  the  heart,  and 
tremors.  Insanity  and  other  mental  affections  are 
also  among  the  dangers  to  which  excessive  mental 
action,  not  sufficiently  sustained  by  vital  stamina, 
may  lead. 

As  these  ailments  are  mainly  due  to  physical  weak- 
ness, consequent  upon  the  undue  exhaustion  of  the 
vital  powers  through  a  too  great  activity  of  the 
brain,  the  obvious  remedial  and  preventive  measures 
must  lie  in  restoring  the  balance  between  supply  and 
demand  in  these  particulars.     There  must  be — 

1.  A  decrease  of  expenditure  in  the  vital  economy, 
to  be  effected  by  allowing  the  mind  more  rest  and 
recreation — by  running  the  mental  machinery  more 
slowly,  and  fewer  hours  per  day. 

2.  An  increase  of  the  vital  element  through  a  nu- 
tritious diet,  rest,  sleep,  and  recreation.     The  dis- 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.        173 

position  to  neglect  the  wants  of  the  body,  while 
ministering  to  the  demands  of  the  mental  appetite ; 
the  constant  application  to  study,  the  subjection  of 
the  whole  being  to  overmastering  thought,  must  be 
overcome,  and  a  regimen  adopted  which  shall  give 
the  nutritive  system  its  proper  influence  in  the  or- 
ganization. Tea,  coffee,  tobacco,  late  hours,  and  all 
'dnds  of  dissipation  must  be  entirely  avoided.  The 
diet  should  not  only  be  nutritious,  but  easy  of  diges- 
tion, and  the  exercise  taken  must  be  suited  to  the 
strength,  and  of  a  character  to  divert  the  mind 
while  strengthening  the  body.  In  a  word,  the  vital 
or  nutritive  system  must  be  cultivated,  and  the  men- 
tal system  be  restrained. 

IV.— General  Hygienic  Considerations. 

There  are  certain  general  hygienic  considerations 
which  will  apply,  in  the  main,  to  all  varieties  of  con- 
stitution, and  may  appropriately  be  added  here*  to 
the  brief  hints  given  for  each  specifically.  Health  is 
the  natural  condition  in  each  Temperament,  and 
disease  the  abnormal  state ;  so  that  we  have  but  to 
follow  Nature's  laws  in  each  case  to  attain  and  retain 
physical  integrity  and  functional  harmony. 

Health  depends  upon  the  existence  of  certain  con- 
ditions clearly  indicated  in  our  physical  and  mental 
constitution,  such  as — 

1.  A  sound  physical  organization; 

2.  A  vigorous,  well-balanced  mind  ; 

3.  A  constant  and  adequate  supply,  and  the  right 
use  of  all  the  elements  essential  to  the  sustenance 
of  the  body. 


174  The  Temperaments. 

If  the  first  two  of  these  conditions  are  not  ours  by 
inheritance,  we  can  only  measurably  supply  the  lack 
by  judicious  cultivation,  the  means  for  doing  which 
are  detailed  in  works  devoted  to  physiology,  hygiene, 
gymnastics,  and  mental  science.  Coming,  then,  to 
the  third  specification,  we  may  particularize  as  ele- 
ments essential  to  the  sustenance  and  health  of  the 
body — air,  sunlight,  food,  drink,  physical  exercise, 
rest,  sleep,  cleanliness,  mental  activity,  and  harmoni- 
ous social  relations. 

(i).  Air  is  the  first  and  last  demand  of  our  lives. 
We  must  have  it,  sleeping  or  waking,  every  day  and 
hour  from  birth  to  death ;  and  to  be  healthy  we  must 
have  pure  air.  Out  of  doors  we  can  generally  get 
this,  but  in  close  rooms  the  case  is  entirely  different. 
"  A  single  person  will  deprive  from  one  to  two  hogs- 
heads of  air  of  its  blood-purifying  qualities,  and 
saturate  it  with  poisonous  gases  in  a  single  hour.  In 
the '  light  of  this  fact,  consider  what  must  be  the 
effects  of  the  in-door  life  of  our  people,  and  especially 
of  our  women.  Think  of  our  crowded  work-rooms ; 
of  family  gatherings  around  the  sitting-room  stove ; 
of  evening  parties  in  unventilated  parlors,  where  the 
lights  which  make  everything  so  brilliant  rapidly 
hasten  the  deteriorating  process  which  respiration 
has  commenced ;  and  of  two  or  more  persons  sleep- 
ing all  night  in  a  close  seven-by-nine  bedroom. 
1  Close  bedrooms,'  Dr.  Hall  says,  '  make  the  graves 
of  thousands.'  The  occasional  opening  of  doors 
gives  us  now  and  then  a  breath  of  fresh  air  in  the 
rooms  occupied  during  the  day ;  but  even  this  is  de- 
nied us  in   our  sleeping  apartments."     Everything, 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.         175 

then,  which  vitiates  the  air  should  carefully  be  ex- 
cluded from  our  rooms,  and  especially  our  bedrooms, 
and  the  outdoor  air  admitted  as  freely  as  circum- 
stances will  admit ;  and  we  should  spend  as  much  of 
our  time  out  of  doors  as  possible,  taking  exercise 
calculated  to  expand  the  lungs  and  maintain  (and  in- 
crease, if  necessary)  our  breathing  power. 

(2).  Solar  light,  although  generally  left  almost  en- 
tirely out  of  the  account  by  many  physiological  and 
hygienic  writers,  has  a  great  and  striking  effect  upon 
the  human  physical  system.  Without  it,  in  fact, 
nothing  like  perfect  bodily  development,  health,  or 
beauty  can  possibly  exist.  It  is  well  known  that 
plants  growing  in  the  shade  or  in  darkness  are  always 
slender,  weak,  and  pale.  Deprivation  of  light  has  a 
similar  effect  upon  man,  as  shown  by  persons  confined 
in  dungeons,  mines,  and  dark  habitations.  Women 
who  avoid  the  sunlight  and  darken  their  parlors  and 
sitting-rooms,  through  fear  of  spoiling  their  com- 
plexions, invite  thereby  the  very  evil  they  desire  to 
avoid. 

(3).  The  subject  of  food  is  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant one  in  the  whole  range  of  hygienic  inquiry, 
and  much  too  extensive  for  proper  treatment  here. 
All  we  can  hope  to  do  is  to  give  a  few  hints  which 
will  at  least  put  the  reader  in  the  way  to  look  into 
the  matter  further  for  himself. 

A  writer  whom  we  find  quoted  in  a  work  on  phys- 
ical culture,  now  before  us,  and  who  has  given  some 
excellent  hints  toward  a  system  of  dietetics  founded 
on  the  firm  basis  of  science,  lays  down  the  broad 
principle  that  "  the  body  itself  is  the  rule  of  its  food— 


176  The  Temperaments. 

that  is,  as  is  the  chemical  nature  of  the  body  at  large, 
such  must  be  the  chemical  nature  of  the  entire  mass 
of  aliments  taken ;  and  as  is  the  nature  of  each  par- 
ticular structure  to  which  we  would  secure  nutriment 
and  efficiency,  such  must  be  the  nature  of  the  par- 
ticular aliment  employed  to  that  end ;  but  this  law 
is  modified  by  another  equally  imperative  one, 
namely :  that  exercise  is  the  rule  of  food — that  is,  the 
food  we  eat  should  contain  as  nearly  as  possible  the 
several  elements  in  the  same  proportion  as  their 
expenditure  occurs  in  the  individual  system  of  the 
consumer,  owing  to  his  particular  mental  and  physical 
activities."  In  other  words,  if  a  man  exercise  his 
muscles  largely,  he  should  consume  largely  of  muscle- 
forming  aliment ;  and  if  he  work  his  brain  continu- 
ally, he  must  satisfy  the  cravings  of  the  system  with 
brain-food. 

(a).  The  plastic,  cell-forming,  or  nutritive  aliments 
are  albumen  and  the  substances  usually  grouped  with 
it — gluten,  casein,  and  the  substance  of  muscle-fiber, 
nerve-tube,  and  cell-membrane ;  the  calorific  or  respi- 
ratory foods  are  sugar,  starch,  and  the  oils  or  fats ; 
the  acids  are  cooling,  purifying,  and  blood-perfecting 
in  their  action  ;  water  is  indispensable,  both  as  vehicle 
and  material  to  digestion,  absorption,  assimilation,  cir- 
culation, nutrition,  secretion,  and  excretion,  muscular 
and  brain-action ;  the  inorganic  elements  other  than 
water,  sometimes  called  nutritive  minerals,  have  vari- 
ous uses. 

{b).  Among  the  alimentary  compounds  particularly 
fitted  to  produce  muscle  are  wheat-meal,  corn-meal, 
beans,  cabbages,  carrots,  and  the  flesh  of  quadrupeds 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.         177 

while  eggs,  nuts,  cream  (milk),  fish,  and  the  flesh  of 
poultry  are  specially  adapted  to  nourish  the  brain. 
"  Oatmeal  and  milk  seem  to  belong  to  both  classes 
of  aliments ;  and  rice,  potatoes,  fruits,  and  a  large 
list  of  foods  may  be  styled  indifferent,  as  specially 
favoring  neither  development. 

(c).  "The  diet  of  no  two  persons  should  be,  in 
reality,  exactly  alike,  since  their  constitutions,  states 
of  health,  avocations,  and  forms  and  amounts  of 
physical  expenditure  are  necessarily  different. 

(d).  "  Insufficient  variety  in  food  is  as  great  an  evil 
as  insufficiency  in  the  quantity  of  food,  and  an  evil 
of  the  same  kind ;  because  it  necessarily  withholds 
from  the  system  a  due  supply  of  some  one  or  more 
essential  forms  of  aliment.  A  moderate  variety  is 
desirable  at  every  meal ;  a  greater,  from  day  to  day. 

(e).  "That  diet  is  most  perfect  for  each  individual 
which  furnishes  to  each  the  various  forms  of  sub- 
stance necessary  to  make  up  his  fluids  and  solid  tis- 
sues, and  in  the  same  proportion  as  they  exist  and 
are  daily  expended  in  his  particular  constitution  and 
mode  of  life. 

(/).  "  Muscle  and  nerve  both  necessitate  albumi- 
nous food ;  the  former,  in  connection  with  the  finer 
or  phosphorized  fatty  substances;  the  latter,  with 
the  grosser  fats  and  the  phosphate  and  carbonate  of 
lime. 

(g).  "  Excess  in  food  is  not  to  be  defined  by  any 
particular  quantity.  It  exists  only  when  there  is  a 
surplus  over  healthful  expenditure ;  and  by  this  rule 
one  adult  system  may  require  more  than  twice  the 
amount  of  food  demanded  by  another. 
8* 


lyZ  The  Temperaments. 

(h).  "  Both  vegetable  and  animal  foods  have  their 
uses ;  the  former  favor  and  support  more  especially 
the  organic  development  and  processes,  such  as  nu- 
trition and  secretion  ;  the  latter,  the  animal  or  active 
functions,  such  as  locomotion,  will-power,  and  intel- 
lectual action. 

(z).  "  No  imperfect  vegetable  or  animal  production, 
as  those  that  are  dwarfed.,  or  sickly,  or  immature,  or 
undergoing  decay,  can  furnish  materials  for  complete 
human  alimentation. 

GO-  "  Some  foods  constitute  necessary  compensat- 
ing adjuncts  to  others  and  should  be  used  with  them. 
Thus  rice,  corn,  or  potatoes  require  the  addition  of 
wheat-meal  bread,  or  flesh,  or  milk  and  eggs,  to  sup- 
ply the  albuminous  and  mineral  elements  which  they 
possess  in  a  less  degree.  So  beans,  peas,  cabbage, 
cauliflower,  asparagus,  etc.,  lack  the  oleaginous  ele- 
ment and  this  should  be  added  in  the  cooking. 

(k).  "  A  larger  proportion  of  fatty  or  heat-produc- 
ing food  is  required  in  winter  than  in  summer,  and 
in  northern  than  in  southern  climates." 

(4).  For  a  universal  drink,  we  can  safely  recom- 
mend water ;  and  we  suppose  there  will  be  few  to 
call  our  recommendation  in  question,  though  there 
have  been  theorists  who  have  contended  that  man  is 
not  naturally  a  drinking  animal. 

(5).  In  connection  with  what  is  received  into  the 
system,  in  the  form  of  food  and  drink,  the  excretions, 
or  what  passes  off  by  the  natural  outlets  of  the  body, 
should  be  considered.  These  are  the  worn-out  ma- 
terials of  the  system,  and  those  parts  of  the  food 
which,  although  perhaps  of  the  greatest  use,  are  not 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.         179 

assimilable.  Retained  in  the  system,  they  poison  its 
fluids  and  ultimately  destroy  its  tissues.  The  com- 
plete and  regular  performance  of  the  excretory  func- 
tions is  therefore  of  the  utmost  importance.  A 
stoppage  of  the  bowels  or  of  the  pores  of  the  skin 
can  not  exist  for  a  single  day  without  positive  injury 
to  the  health.  A  too  great  relaxation,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  equally  to  be  avoided. 

A  properly  regulated  diet  will  generally  insure 
regularity  and  efficiency  in  the  action  of  the  bowels. 
Among  the  foods  of  a  constipating  tendency  are 
bread  and  cakes  from  fine  wheaten  flour,  rice,  beans, 
flesh  meats,  eggs,  and  tea.  Bread  from  wheaten 
meal  or  unbolted  flour,  rye,  or  corn ;  fruits,  raw  and 
cooked ;  and  generally  substances  abounding  in  lig- 
neous matter,  are  laxative  in  their  tendency. 

Should  costiveness  or  diarrhoea  occur,  the  cause 
should  be  ascertained  at  once  and  removed.  This 
will  generally  suffice  to  restore  healthy  action  ;  if  not, 
resort  to  injections  of  pure  water,  which  seldom  or 
never  fail,  avoiding  purgative  medicines,  which  have 
a  tendency  to  increase,  in  the  end,  the  very  difficulty 
they  are  intended  to  remedy. 

(6).  The  necessity  of  bodily  exercise  has  been  in- 
sisted upon  in  previous  chapters.  The  amount  re- 
quired varies  with  age,  sex,  and  Temperament ;  but 
no  person  can  enjoy  vigorous  health,  or  acquire  or 
retain  any  high  degree  of  personal  beauty,  without 
more  or  less  active  bodily  exertion.  The  women  of 
our  country  are  suffering  incalculably  for  want  of 
the  proper  exercise  of  their  muscles.  Exercise  in 
the  open  air  should  be  an  every-day  duty  and  an 


180  The  Temperaments. 

every-day  pleasure,  with  every  man,  woman,  and 
child. 

(7).  If  exercise  is  essential  to  human  well-being, 
repose  is  not  less  so.  The  one  is  the  complement  of 
the  other.  Without  exercise,  repose  would  have  no 
meaning  and  no  use ;  and  without  repose,  exercise 
woudd  soon  wear  out  and  destroy  the  body.  Nothing 
can  be  more  essential  to  continued  health  and  phys- 
ical well-being  than  regular  habits  in  regard  to  sleep. 
The  amount  required  varies  with  different  persons 
and  circumstances,  but  there  must  be  no  attempt  to 
cheat  Nature,  by  allowing  too  little. 

(8).  "  Dirt  upon  the  skin,"  Wilkinson  says,  "  is  not 
merely  dirt,  but  dirty  feeling ;  and  the  latter  is  no 
sooner  set  up  than  it  travels  soulward  ; "  while  clean- 
liness "  places  a  cordon  of  pure  life  around  our  bodies, 
as  a  troop  of  angels  around  the  bed,  and  before  the 
path  of  the  faithful."  If  one  would  be  healthy  he 
must  keep  the  millions  of  pores  which  permeate  the 
skin  constantly  open,  which  means  that  he  must  keep 
clean.  As  a  general  rule,  the  whole  body  should  be 
washed  all  over  every  day  in  summer,  and  at  least  once 
a  week  in  winter.  Tepid  water — say  from  8o°  to 
920 — or  that  which  feels  slightly  cool,  but  not  cold 
to  the  body,  is  best  for  general  use.  The  cold  bath 
is  a  powerful  stimulus,  and,  like  other  stimuli,  must 
be  used  in  moderation  and  with  good  judgment. 
The  skin  as  well  as  the  stomach  may  be  stimulated 
too  much. 

(9).  Mental  activity  has  already  been  shown  to  be 
almost  as  essential  to  health  as  bodily  exercise ;  but 
to  act  is  not  enough.    We  must  also  enjoy.    "  Sop 


Temperament  in  Health  and  Disease.         181 

row,"  Melancthon  says,  "  strikes  the  heart,  and  makes 
it  flutter  and  pine  away  with  great  pain."  And  if 
one  merely  feels  "  stupid,"  or  is  "  out  of  humor,"  or 
has  the  "  blues,"  he  is  already  half  sick,  and  likely 
soon  to  be  wholly  so.  The  cheerful  man  digests  his 
food  properly ;  his  blood  circulates  freely,  and  his 
system  is  duly  nourished ;  but  depress  his  mind  with 
sorrow  or  care,  and  all  his  functions  are  obstructed 
and  he  grows  lean  and  pale. 

(10).  Finally,  the  affections  must  also  find  their 
satisfaction  in  our  lives.  Unsatisfied  longing  for  love, 
for  the  joys  of  maternity,  or  for  the  companionship 
of  kindred  and  friends,  depress  the  vital  energies, 
wither  the  roses  and  lilies  of  the  cheek,  and  dim  the 
light  of  the  eye.  Unhappy  marriages,  and  family  dis- 
cords in  general,  bring  with  them  physical  derange- 
ment as  well  as  mental  suffering.  The  whole  man 
must  be  in  harmony  with  itself  and  with  all  surround- 
ing circumstances,  or  perfect  health  can  not  be  en- 
joyed.* 


Hints  Toward  Physical  Perfection. 


XIV. 

TEMtERAMENT  IN  RACES  AND  NATIONS. 

Temperament  has  been  studied  and  written  upon 
mainly  with  reference  to  the  Caucasian  race,  and  to 
that  race  alone  wi41  our  remarks  in  the  preceding 
pages  apply  in  full,  though  the  general  principles  on 
which  all  temperamental  distinctions  are  based  are,  of 
course,  universal.  The  same  anatomical  structure,  in 
its  general  features  at  least,  is  common  to  all  races. 
The  bony  framework  with  its  ligaments,  muscles, 
and  tendons,  furnishes  in  all  the  basis  for  a  Motive 
Temperament ;  the  nutritive  apparatus,  with  its 
wonderfully  constructed  organs  of  digestion,  secre- 
tion, and  circulation,  everywhere  gives  us  the  vital 
element  of  the  constitution ;  and  in  no  tribe  of  men, 
however  low  in  the  scale  of  intelligence,  is  the  brain 
and  nervous  system  wliolly  lacking;  but  when  we  come 
to  the  details  of  configuration,  complexion,  texture, 
and  functional  action,  we  find  our  descriptions,  made 
for  the  white  races,  are  applicable  only  in  part  to  the 
others.  A  Negro  may  have  the  Vital  Temperament, 
even  in  its  sanguine  form,  but  the  florid  complexion, 
light  hair,  blue  eyes,  and  some  other  characteristics 
of  (.hat  constitution,  as  found  in  the  Caucasian,  are 
lacking ;  so  the  American  Indian  is  copper-colored 
and  the  Mongolian  tawny,  whether  their  Temperament 
be  Bilious  or  not.  It  is  plain,  then,  that  our  descrip- 
(182) 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  183 

tions  must  be  remodeled  to  adapt  them  to  the  dark 
races. 

We  approach  this  part  of  our  subject  with  diffi- 
dence, confessing,  in  the  outset,  that  our  knowledge 
of  the  constitutional  characteristics  of  some  of  the 
races  and '  sub-races,  into  which  the  genus  homo  has 
been  divided,  are  merely  general,  and  imperfect  at 
that,  so  as  to  preclude  the  close  analysis  we  have  ap- 
plied to  the  organization  of  our  own  race.  We  offer 
the  following  remarks,  therefore,  so  far  as  they  relate 
to  the  dark  races  particularly,  rather  as  hints  toward 
a  correct  temperamental  description,  than  as  state- 
ments of  facts,  in  all  cases  absolutely  demonstrated. 
If  not  always  correct  in  our  conclusions,  we  trust  that 
even  our  errors  will  lead,  through  the  investigation 
they  may  incite,  to  the  final  establishment  of  the 
truth. 

I.— The  Races  Classified. 

There  are  numerous  classifications  of  the  human 
races,  each  writer  on  ethnology  apparently  invent- 
ing one  to  suit  his  peculiar  theory  or  method  of  treat- 
ment. We  can  not  here  stop  to  discuss  either  the 
theories  or  the  nomenclature  of  these  writers,  but 
shall  adopt,  as  well  enough  suited  to  our  purpose,  and 
more  generally  known  than  most  others,  the  class- 
ification of  Blumenbach,  in  which  are  recognized  five 
races,  as  follows : 

1.  The  Caucasian  Race 

2.  The  Mongolian  Race ; 

3.  The  Malayan  Race  ; 

4.  The  American  Race  ;  and 

5.  The  Ethiopian  Race. 


184  The  Temperaments. 

Of  these  five  races,  or  groups  of  races,  if  the  readei 
choose  so  to  consider  them,  we  now  propose  to  take 
a  general  view  from  the  stand-point  of  tempera- 
mental physiology. 

II. — Temperament  in  the  Caucasian  Race. 

In  this  branch  of  the  human  family,  as  we  have 
seen  in  the  preceding  chapters,  all  the  Temperaments 
are  fully  represented — the  Sanguine,  the  Bilious,  the 
Lymphatic,  the  Nervous ;  or  the  Vital,  the  Motive, 
and  the  Mental — and  all  have  well-understood  char- 
acteristics and  modes  of  manifestation.  The  tend- 
ency among  the  more  advanced  nations,  families,  and 
individuals  of  the  race,  however,  is  evidently  toward 
a  preponderance  of  the  Mental  system — in  other 
words,  the  Mental  Temperament  is  its  typical  consti- 
tutional condition ;  and  this  seems  to  have  been  the 
case  from  the  earliest  periods  of  which  history  or  tra- 
dition gives  any  account. 

1.  The  Ancient  Greeks. — The  Mental  Temperament 
is  evident  enough  in  the  works  as  well  as  in  the  por- 
traits of  the  Hellenic  peoples,  notwithstanding  the 
prominence  given  to  bone  and  muscle  in  their  sedu- 
lous culture  of  the  physical  system.  Their  supremacy 
in  the  arts  and  in  literature  was  due  to  the  fine- 
grained, complexly  convoluted,  and  massive  brains, 
which  filled  and  molded  their  smooth,  round,  sym- 
metrical craniums.  A  high  quality  of  organization, 
and  a  clear,  sharp,  active  intellect,  strong  alike  in  per- 
ception and  in  reflection,  made  the  Greek  what  he 
was  as  artist,  poet,  orator,  and  philosopher.  The 
Mental  Temperament  in  him  seems  to  have  lacked, 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  185 

however,  in  some  degree,  the  high  coronal  develop- 
ment generally  associated  with  it  in  more  modern  times. 
His  strong  impulses  were  but  imperfectly  controlled 
by  moral  sentiment,  and  his  intellectual  gifts  seldom 
sanctified  by  any  lofty  spiritual  purpose. 

2.  The  Ancient  Roman  (Fig.  79). — The  Roman  cra- 
nium was  as  unlike  the  Greek  as  the  art,  literature, 
and  history  of  Rome  is  unlike  that  of  Greece.  It  was 
equally  massive,  but  less  symmetrical,  coarser-grained, 
and  more  angular.  It  showed,  as  the  apex  of  its  de- 
velopment, very  large  Firmness,  the  lines  sloping  from 
that  point ;  the  forehead  was  massive,  but  broad  rather 
than  high ;  the  Perceptive  Faculties  were  well-devel- 
oped and  vigorous,  especially  those  giving  accurate 
observation  and  practical  ability ;  the  reasoning  powers 
were  good ;  and  the  moral  sentiments  very  unevenly 
developed,  Conscientiousness  largely  predominating 
over  Benevolence,  and  Self-esteem  over  Spirituality. 
The  head  had  great  lateral  expansion  at  the  base, 
giving  ample  room  for  the  propelling  or  executive 
organs. 

With  such  a  head  the  Temperament  of  the  ancient 
Roman,  it  will  be  seen,  must  necessarily  have  had  a 
strong  physical  basis  in  the  locomotive  system.  That 
this  was  the  fact,  Roman  history  completely  demon- 
strates. The  Roman  Temperament  was  the  Motive 
or  Bilious  (or  more  definitely,  Bilious-Motive),  the 
Mental,  of  course,  gaining  the  ascendency  in  numerous 
cases  among  the  leading  men  of  the  higher  classes, 
but  being  always  invigorated,  intensified,  and  made 
terribly  effective  by  the  dense  underlying  stratum  of 
the  bilious-muscular  constitution;  and  this  organiza- 


1 86  The  Temperaments. 

tion  furnishes  the  key  to  Roman  character  and  his- 
tory. A  late  ethnological  writer,  speaking  of  the 
cause  of  Roman  supremacy,  says  : 

"  The  Roman  organization,  like  the  Roman  mind, 
was  powerful  rather  than  harmonious,  and  more  dis- 
tinguished   by    vigor    than    refinement The 

Temperament  was  intensely  fibrous,  and  must  have 
effectually  re-invigorated  the  tendencies  arising  from 
organization.  Indeed,  the  stern  endurance,  unswerv- 
ing fixity  of  purpose,  and  dauntless  moral  courage  of 
the  ancient  Roman  were  due  almost  as  much  to  the 
former  as  the  latter.  He  was  a  man  of  iron  mold, 
both  in  body  and  mind,  and  in  the  path  of  duty  unsus- 
ceptible of  the  softer  emotions  and  inaccessible  to 
the  gentler  feelings.  Patriotism  was  his  master  pas- 
sion, and  obedience  to  the  law  his  highest  virtue.  He 
preferred  precedent  to  principle,  and  was  governed 
by  authority  rather  than  reason.  And  how  accurately 
is  all  this  mirrored  in  those  high,  proud,  angular  feat- 
ures, constituting  that  stern,  expressive,  and  com- 
manding countenance  !  And  how  forcibly  is  it  indi- 
cated to  the  ethnological  and  physiological  eye,  in 
that  compact  and  muscular  frame,  with  the  broad  and 
powerful  chest,  surmounted  by  a  head  and  neck  so 
eminently  indicative  of  energy  and  self-reliance — of 
the  power  that  marches  slowly,  but  invincibly,  to  its 
purpose,  that  accomplishes  its  most  important  objects 
with  the  greatest  deliberation,  and  is  not  in  haste  even 
for  the  conquest  of  a  world  !  " 

Our  likeness  of  Julius  Caesar  (Fig.  79),  from  a  copy 
of  a  very  ancient  drawing,  while  showing  a  large  head 
and  an  undoubted  predominance  of  the  Mental  sys- 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  187 

tern,  shows  with  equal  plainness  the  indications  of  the 
tough,  hard,  fibrous  physical  constitution  on  which 
his  intellectual  power  rested — in  other  words,  it  rep- 
resents the  Mental-Motive  Temperament. 

3.  The  Semite  or  Syro-Arabian. —  The  Semitic 
sub-race  comprises  the  Arabians,  the  Assyrians,  the 
Chaldeans,  the  Hebrews,  and  cognate  tribes,  among 
whom  the  same  form  of  skull  prevails,  and  whose 
temperamental  characteristics  are  similar. 

The  head  in  these  tribes  is  smaller  than  in  the 
European  nations,  and  less  developed  in  the  region 
of  the  Reflective  Faculties,  giving  the  forehead  a  re- 
treating aspect ;  but  it  is  remarkable  for  its  grandly 
elevated  coronal  arch,  indicating  great  development 
in  the  central  line  of  the  top-head.  The  base  of  the 
brain  is  rather  broad,  being  particularly  full  in  the 
region  of  Acquisitiveness ;  but  the  dominating  in- 
fluence lies  in  the  spiritual  part  of  the  brain  ;  and 
the  Semite,  whether  Arab,  Syrian,  or  Jew,  is  essen- 
tially a  religious  enthusiast — as  some  one  has  aptly 
said  :  "  His  first  and  strongest  impulse  is  to  worship 
and  propagate  his  faith ;  the  second,  to  trade." 

In  Temperament  there  is  considerable  variety, 
but  in  nearly  all  cases  there  is  a  strong  development 
of  the  Bilious  element,  associated  often,  especially 
among  the  Jews,  with  a  predominance  of  the  Vital 
instead  of  the  Motive  constitution  (the  Bilious- Vital 
Temperament).  The  Mental  element  is  always  in- 
fluential, especially  in  its  intuitive  manifestations. 

"  Arabs  in  the  desert,  Chaldeans  on  the  Euphrates, 
Syrians  at  Damascus,  Phoenicians  at  Tyre,  Israelites 
at  Jerusalem,  Saracens  at  Bagdad,  and,  we  may  add, 


1 88  The  Temperaments, 

Moors  at  Cordova,  the  Semitic  tribes,  though  wild 
and  unsubduable  by  the  softening  influences  of 
civilization  in  the  remoter  fastnesses  of  their  native 
habitat,  have,  nevertheless,  shown  considerable  apti- 
tude both  for  literature  and  science,  when  subjected 
to  culture  at  the  great  urban  centers  of  intellectual 
activity  and  refinement.  Everywhere  merchants,  and 
always  religious  enthusiasts,  they  have  also  occa- 
sionally approved  themselves  as  scholars  and  philos- 
ophers, physical  and  metaphysical,  of  no  mean  order. 
More  robust,  but  less  subtile  in  their  mental  consti- 
tution than  the  Hindoos — more  prone  to  emo  ion 
and  less  qualified  for  speculation — active,  enterpris- 
ing, energetic,  chivalrous,  and  devout,  they  furnish  a 
providential  link  between  the  dreamily  meditative 
theosophy  of  the  farther  East,  and  the  almost  rude 
practicality  of  the  extreme  West." 

4.  The  Hindoo  (Fig.  80). — The  true  high-caste 
Hindoo  has  a  comparatively  small,  but  symmetrically 
formed  cranium  of  a  fine  texture,  a  delicate  and  re- 
fined physical  organization,  well-chiseled  features, 
and  a  gentle,  reflective,  reverential  aspect.  His 
Temperament  is  decidedly  Mental. 

The  Hindoo  head  is  high,  but  narrow  at  the  base, 
indicating  the  predominance  of  the  moral  and  im- 
aginative elements  over  the  propensities,  and  a  lack 
of  courage  and  force  of  character.  Veneration  is 
strongly  developed  and  active ;  hence  his  whole  life 
is  a  series  of  religious  acts,  and  persons  and  places, 
as  well  as  the  gods  themselves,  are  objects  of  his 
reverence.  He  is  the  product  of  a  long-existent, 
but  decadent  civilization,  and  bears  the  marks  of  its 


FIG.  80.— HIGH  CASTE   HINDOO. 

PLATE  XXXVII. 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  189 

culture,  but  suffers  from  the  decrepitude  consequent 
upon  its  exhaustion. 

Such  men  as  the  fierce  Nena  Sahib,  nominally 
Hindoos,  have  other  blood  in  their  veins,  and  broader 
bases  to  their  skulls. 

5.  The  German  (Fig.  81). — The  German  of  the 
present  day  is  the  best  representative  we  have  of  the 
Teutonic  branch  of  the  great  Caucasian  race,  which 
embraces  also  the  Norwegian,  the  Swede,  the  Dane, 
the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  the  Anglo-American. 

The  Temperament  of  the  German  has  always  for 
the  physical  basis  of  its  powerful  mentality  a  strong 
substratum  of  the  Sanguine-Vital  element,  with  a 
sufficient  development  of  the  Motive  or  muscular 
constitution  to  give  firmness,  stability,  and  persist- 
ence to  the  character — in  other  words,  there  is  a 
good  balance  of  organization. 

Professor  Morton  found  the  mean  internal  capacity 
of  fifteen  German  skulls,  measured  by  him,  to  be  nine- 
ty-five cubic  inches.  The  regions  of  the  Reflective  Fac- 
ulties and  of  the  Moral  Sentiments  are  particularly  well 
marked ;  the  Perceptive  Faculties,  except  Time  and 
Tune,  are  less  prominent.  Ideality,  Constructiveness, 
Alimentiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Secretiveness,  and 
Self-esteem  are  generally  conspicuously  large. 

The  German  is,  by  nature,  an  inventor,  an  investi- 
gator, an  experimenter,  a  thinker.  Slow,  but  indus- 
trious, patient,  and  persevering;  no  mental  task  is 
too  formidable  for  him  to  undertake ;  no  problem  so 
profound  that  he  dare  not  seek  to  solve  it ;  but  while 
he  discovers  many  new  truths,  he  often  leaves  it  for 
others  to  make  a  practical  application  of  them. 


190  Tt he  Temperaments. 

6.  The  Scandinavian  (Fig.  82).— The  Danes,  Swedes 
and  Norwegians  comprise  the  principal  branches  of 
the  Scandinavian  family,  which  seems  to  form  the 
culminating  point  of  the  old  Gothic  race — the  tall, 
muscular,  blue-eyed,  fair-haired  people  of  Northern 
and  Western  Europe.  Each  has  its  national  peculiari- 
ties, but  all  bear  a  strong  family  resemblance. 

The  Scandinavian,  and  notably  the  Norwegian, 
furnishes  an  admirable  illustration  of  what  we  have 
elsewhere  (Chapters  IV.  and  VI.)  described  as  the 
xanthous  or  Sanguine  variety  of  the  Motive  Tem- 
perament, in  which  the  blue  eyes,  light  hair,  and 
florid  complexion  which  we  are  accustomed  to  asso- 
ciate with  the  Vital  Temperament,  and  which  cer- 
tainly indicate  the  sanguine  element,  strongly  de- 
veloped, are  conjoined  with  the  large  bones,  strong 
articulations,  dense,  wiry  muscles,  angular  configura- 
tion, and  prominent  features,  which  characterize  the 
muscular  or  Motive  constitution.  The  mental  char- 
acteristics are  those  of  the  Motive  Temperament, 
somewhat  modified  by  the  more  impressible  and 
flexible  sanguine  element  infused. 

Compared  with  the  German,  the  Scandinavian  is 
more  active  in  body  and  mind,  and  more  practical  in 
his  tendencies.  "  His  frame  is  larger  and  taller,  his 
muscles  more  dense,  his  features  more  prominent, 
his  perceptive  faculties  more  fully  developed,  and  his 
Causality  less  prominent,  though  by  no  means  de- 
ficient. He  has  quite  as  high  a  top-head  as  the  Ger- 
man, and  his  grand  mythology  indicates  the  mystic 
sublimity  of  his  ideas ;  and  with  all  his  practicality 
he  has  given  us  Swedenborg,  the  greatest  and  purest 


FIG.  8x. — THE   GERMAN.      JOSEPH   FRANCOIS   GALL,  M.D. 


TIG.  82.— THE   SCANDINAVIAN.      JOHN   ERICSSON. 

PLATF  XXXVlll 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  191 

as  well  as  the  most  learned  and  scientific  of  all  the 
mystics.  In  war,  Scandinavia  boasts  her  Charles 
XII.;  in  natural  science,  her  Linnaeus ;  in  song,  her 
Jenny  Lind ;  and  in  literature,  her  Frederica  Bremer. 
To  us  she  has  given  her  Ericsson,  with  his  caloric 
engine  and  his  Monitor,  who  may  fitly  represent  the 
practical  phase  of  Scandinavian  character." 

7.  The  Englishman  (Fig.  83). — The  Anglo-Saxon 
of  England  is  a  modified  Teuton,  the  product  of  a 
very  complete  amalgamation  of  several  ethnic  ele- 
ments, among  which  the  Gothic  predominates.  His 
cranium  is  large ;  well-developed  in  the  region  of  the 
reflective  faculties;  broad  over  the  ear  (Executive- 
ness) ;  prominent  at  Cautiousness  and  Self-esteem,  and 
not  lacking  in  the  perceptive  organs.  The  Tempera- 
ment, whatever  may  be  superinduced,  has  always  an 
ample  physical  basis  in  a  well-developed  vital  sys- 
tem— in  fact,  the  Vital  Temperament  is  the  national 
one,  the  exceptions  being  a  Mental  predominance, 
the  result  of  high  culture  and  the  external  conditions 
of  advanced  civilization,  or  a  Lymphatic  degenera- 
tion, caused  by  a  moist  climate  and  bodily  habits  un- 
favorable to  health. 

Mentally,  the  Englishman  is  ambitious,  energetic, 
aggressive,  acquisitive,  combative,  proud,  self-suffi- 
cient, domineering,  firm,  cautious,  affectionate,  and 
benevolent.  His  heart  is  warm  and  his  feelings 
tender,  though  his  manners  and  speech  may  at  times 
be  rough.  He  is  more  noted  for  common  sense  than 
for  metaphysical  acuteness,  imagination,  or  senti- 
mentality. 

8.  The  Anglo-American  (Fig.  84). — Americans   of 


192  The  Temperaments. 

the  United  States  have  hardly  had  time  to  develop 
a  national  type  of  cranium  or  a  national  Tempera- 
ment. The  basis  on  which  we  are  to  raise  the 
superstructure  of  a  distinctive  national  organization 
and  character,  however,  is  Anglo-Saxon,  or  English. 
Climate  and  other  external  conditions,  together  with 
the  admixture  of  Celtic  blood,  have  already  greatly 
modified  our  skulls,  our  physiognomy,  and  our  Tem- 
perament. If  not  distinctively  national  in  constitu- 
tion, we  certainly  are  not  English.  Our  heads  are 
longer,  our  facial  bones  narrower,  our  features  more 
prominent,  our  muscles  more  dense  and  wiry.  The 
Englishman  is  sanguine,  the  American  nervous-bil- 
ious ;  the  vital  or  nutritive  system  predominates  in 
the  former,  the  locomotive  (muscular  and  osseous)  in 
the  latter.  The  English  have  more  Self-esteem  than 
Approbativeness ;  with  us  it  is  the  reverse.  They 
have  more  Veneration,  we  more  Benevolence.  We 
are  more  active,  intuitive,  and  generous ;  the  English 
more  considerate,  prudent,  and  reserved. 

What  the  American  of  the  future  shall  be,  those 
who  live  generations  hence  will  know.  We  can  only 
conjecture  that  the  modifications  now  observable,  as 
gradually  going  on  in  our  physical  and  mental  organ- 
ization, will  be  carried  still  further,  and  that  the  final 
result  will  be  that  perfect  adaptation  in  physical 
constitution,  conformation,  complexion,  and  mental 
character  to  the  American  climate,  which  will  insure 
the  highest  health  and  the  greatest  longevity,  as  well 
as  a  fixed  national  or  American  type. 

9.  The  Scotchman. — The  Scotsman  of  the  Low- 
lands is   of   a  mixed   Celto-Saxon   lineage,   and   his 


F  I  G.   8  3. — J  OHN     B  R  I  G  II  T. 


ENGLISHMAN. 


Plate  xxxi* 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  193 

cranium,  configuration  of  body,  cast  of  features,  Tem- 
perament, and  character  differ  widely  from  those  of 
his  English  neighbors.  His  head  is  longer  than  the 
English  type,  and  proportionally  narrower  anteriorly. 
It  is  full,  however,  at  the  base,  in  the  region  of  Cau- 
tiousness, Combativeness,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Secre- 
tiveness.  The  Moral  Sentiments  generally  are  well- 
developed,  as  are  Causality,  Comparison,  and  the 
Perceptive  Faculties.  Ideality  and  Imitation  are  de- 
ficient. The  Temperament  is  Motive,  with  the  San- 
guine infusion,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Scandinavian,  or 
in  the  educated  classes  Mental-Motive  ;  the  complex- 
ion being  light,  the  eyes  blue  or  gray,  and  the  hair 
light-brown,  sandy,  or  red.  The  stature  is  generally 
above  the  medium,  the  frame  strong  and  sinewy, 
and  the  features  rather  prominent,  but  sharply  cut. 

As  a  result  of  this  organization,  the  Lowland  Scot 
is  profoundly  discriminating  in  abstract  philosophical 
inquiries,  accurate  in  practical  science,  a  close  ob- 
server, shrewd  in  business,  cautious,  secretive,  eco- 
nomical, persevering,  set  in  his  way,  quick  to  resist, 
fond  of  controversy,  religious,  and  steadfast.  He 
lacks  imagination,  and  has  little  taste  for  poetry  and 
the  fine  arts. 

The  Highlanders  of  the  better  class  are  Gothic  in 
their  characteristics,  resembling  the  Norwegians,  from 
whom  they  are  descended,  in  Temperament  and  con- 
figuration, while  the  common  people  are  mainly 
Celtic,  and  have  the  Motive  Temperament  of  the 
dark  or  bilious  type. 

Unlike  the  Lowlander,  the  Highland  Scot  of  the 
higher  class  is  ardent,  impulsive,  sensitive,  urbane, 
9 


194  The  Temperaments, 

generous,  open,  vivacious,  passionate,  and  imag- 
inative. 

io.  The  Irishman. — In  the  northern  part  of  Ire- 
land many  of  the  people  closely  resemble  those  of 
Scotland,  and  are  doubtless  of  Gothic  origin,  but  the 
nation  is,  in  the  main,  Celtic,  and  has  the  combina- 
tion of  temperamental  elements,  found  occasionally 
in  all  Caucasian  races,  in  which  a  strong  infusion  of 
the  bilious  element  co-exists  with  a  predominance  of 
the  Vital  system,  and  many  peculiarities  of  the  San- 
guine constitution.  The  typical  Irishman  is  well- 
made,  broad-chested,  and  strong-limbed  ;  less  rounded 
in  his  contours  than  the  Englishman,  but  more  tense, 
wiry,  and  tough.  His  features  are  rather  strongly 
marked  and  prominent,  his  hair  dark,  and  his  eyes 
black,  brown,  or  gray.  He  is  impulsive,  enthusiastic 
ardent,  social,  sympathetic,  full  of  feeling,  kind- 
hearted,  lively,  and  witty.  He  is  a  natural  orator, 
and  excels  in  lyric  poetry.  He  is  intensely  patriotic, 
full  of  schemes  for  the  deliverance  of  his  country, 
but  wanting  in  wise  forethought,  caution,  and  prac- 
tical common  sense.  Fond  of  jovial  companionship 
and  stimulating  beverages,  he  is  liable  to  be  led  by 
his  appetites  into  various  excesses,  ruinous  alike  to 
body  and  mind. 

II.  The  Frenchman  (Fig.  85). — The  French  head, 
which  may  be  considered  as  best  representing  the 
civilized  Celt  of  the  present  day,  is  thus  described  by 
Dr.  Vimont,  himself  a  Frenchman : 

"The  French  head  is  smaller  than  the  German. 
The  region  of  the  perceptive  faculties,  as  a  whole,  is 
larger  and  that  of  the  reflectives  smaller  in  the  French 


FIG.    84.—  THE    AMERICAN.      SAMUEL  R.    WELLS. 


PLATE  XL. 


Temperament  in  Races,  and  Nations.  195 

than  in  the  German  head.  The  organs  of  Time,  Tune, 
and  Number,  however,  are  larger  in  the  German  head. 
The  French  are  generally  deficient  in  the  organ  of 
Cautiousness.  Individuality  and  Form  are  generally 
large,  as  are  also  those  of  Comparison,  Wit,  Wonder, 
Sublimity,  and  Poetry  [Talent  Poetique,  according  to 
Gall,  whom  Vimont  here  follows].  Constructiveness, 
Imitation,  and  Sense  of  the  Beautiful  [Ideality]  are 
large,  especially  the  last  two.  Love  of  Approbation 
is  generally  predominant,  while  Self-esteem  and  Firm- 
ness are  moderate  or  small.  Veneration  is  deficient, 
but  Benevolence  is  well  developed." 

He  might  have  added  that  Amativeness,  Combat- 
iveness,  Secretiveness,  and  Language  are  generally 
particularly  well  developed,  and  that  the  Moral  Senti- 
ments as  a  group  are  rather  deficient,  and  have  too 
little  influence  on  the  French  character. 

In  Temperament,  the  Frenchman,  like  all  other 
true  Celts,  has  the  bilious  element  as  the  basis,  but  in 
the  cultivated  classes  the  mental  system  predominates, 
with  an  infusion  of  the  sanguine  sufficient  to  give 
vivacity,  versatility,  brilliant  cleverness,  and  love  of 
novelty  and  change.  He  displays  all  the  energy  and 
directness  of  the  Motive  Temperament,  but  fails  to 
illustrate  its  steadfastness  and  persistence.  He  is 
tasteful  in  dress ;  a  model  of  politeness ;  lively  and 
witty  in  conversation ;  a  good  actor,  and  a  dashing, 
fearless  soldier.  In  intellect  he  is  clear,  acute,  vigor- 
ous, and  discriminating,  but  not  profound ;  subtle, 
ingenious,  and  penetrating,  but  not  so  original  or  in- 
ventive ;  socially,  he  is  friendly  and  loving,  but  often 
inconstant  in  his  affections.     As  a  writer,  he  is  ani- 


lg6  The  Temperaments. 

mated,  facile,  dramatic ;  rich  in  all  the  ornaments  of 
style,  in  verbal  niceties  and  in  apt  illustrations,  but 
often  verbose  and  tedious. 

12.  The  Italian  (Fig.  86). — The  great  diversity  of 
race  in  Italy  renders  it  impossible  to  give  any  descrip- 
tion which  will  apply  to  the  nation  as  a  whole.  Gothic 
in  Lombardy,  Piedmont,  Parma,  Modena,  Bologna, 
and  Romagna ;  Etruscan  in  Tuscany ;  Liguorian  in 
Genoa ;  Greek  in  Naples  ;  semi-Moorish  in  Sicily  and 
Sardinia,  where  shall  we  find  the  typical  Italian  ?  We 
may  say  in  general  terms,  that  the  higher  classes  of 
Italy  furnish  us  with  some  of  the  finest  examples  of 
the  Mental  Temperament  to  be  found  anywhere.  In- 
heriting the  results  of  many  centuries  of  civilization, 
they  have  all  the  delicacy  aid  refinement  that  a  fine- 
grained physical  organization  can  give,  and  all  the  ar- 
tistic taste  and  love  of  beauty  which  comes  through 
generations  of  culture ;  and  these  classes  have  given 
us  the  great  men  who  have  made  Italy  illustrious — 
Michael  Angelo,  Raphael,  Dante,  Petrarch,  Tasso, 
Galileo,  Columbus,  Cavour,  and  Mazzini — to  say  noth- 
ing of  Napoleon,  a  Corsican  by  birth,  an  Italian  by 
descent,  and  Greco-Roman  by  blood. 

13.  The  Spaniard  (Fig.  87).  —  The  Spaniard — a 
Celt-Iberian,  with  infusions  of  Phoenician,  Greek, 
Roman,  Gothic,  Jewish,  and  Moorish  blood  —  is 
moderate  in  stature,  rather  stout,  well-formed, 
firm-fleshed,  compact,  muscular,  and  hardy,  with  a 
cranium  broader  than  that  of  the  Frenchman,  and 
higher  in  the  crown;  a  rounder  face,  less  prominent 
features,  a  swarthy  complexion,  black  hair,  and  black 
or  brown  eyes,  indicating  what  may  be  called,  undei 


FIG.  85  —THE  FRENCHMAN.       [EAN    L.    E.    MF.S30NIEK. 


FIG.  86. — THE    ITALIAN.      MAZZ1N1. 

PLATE  XLI. 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  197 

the  old  classification,  the  Sanguine-Bilious  Tem- 
perament ;  or,  as  we  have  suggested  elsewhere,  the 
Bilious- Vital  —  the  bilious  element  being  very  in- 
fluential, and  showing  itself  very  prominently  in  the 
character,  which  is  firm,  self-reliant,  proud,  grave, 
courteous,  affable,  brave,  devotional,  passionate,  se- 
cretive, politic,  persistent,  fanatical,  duel,  revengeful, 
and  relentless.* 

14.  The  Sclavon  (Fig.  88). — It  is  estimated  that 
nearly  eighty  millions  of  human  beings  are  linked  to- 
gether under  this  racial  name,  and  throughout  the 
whole  mass  there  is  a  strong  sentiment  of  race  and 
a  disposition  among  all  the  tribes  into  which  it  is 
divided  to  make  a  common  cause  with  each  other 
against  any  foe  from  without. 

We  will  take  the  Russian  proper — the  Muscovite — 
as  a  type  of  the  Sclavonic  race,  and  as  probably  the 
future  master  of  the  destinies  of  Europe. 

The  Temperament  of  the  Russian  is  Vital,  or  in 
the  higher  classes,  Mental-Vital,  with  the  muscular 
or  Motive  element  sufficiently  influential  to  give 
great  toughness  and  endurance  to  the  physical  sys- 
tem and  remarkable  steadiness,  self-poise,  and  per- 
sistence to  the  mental  character.  His  most  striking 
physical  characteristic  is  breadth.  He  is  broad- 
headed,  broad-shouldered,  broad-chested,  thick-set, 
short-limbed,  and  muscular,  and   his  respiration,  cir- 


*  De  La  Sarthe,  speaking-  of  the  Temperament  of  the  Span- 
iard, says :  "  Constitution  bileuse  ;  demarche  arrogant ;  physiog* 
nomie  vaniteuse  et  suffisante  ;  esprit  cauteleux,  difficile  ;  caractere 
orgueilleux  et  v indie t  if ." 


t9&  The  Temperaments. 

culation,  and  digestion  are  all  equally  good.  The 
complexion  of  the  true  Russian  is  light,  and  his  eyes 
blue,  but  in  the  South,  a  mixture  of  Servian  blood, 
climatic  influences,  etc.,  give  him  a  darker  hue. 

Mentally  the  Russian  has  all  the  solidity,  sound- 
ness, comprehensiveness,  and  vigor  which  his  organ- 
ization would  lead  us  to  expect.  "  The  heavy  basilar 
region  betokens  the  immense  animal  power  and  ex- 
ecutiveness  which  underlie  an  intellect  of  no  mean 
order,  and,  in  the  higher  classes,  a  full  development 
of  the  moral  sentiments.  He  has  not  yet  developed 
any  great  originality,  but  he  is  an  apt  scholar,  and 
not  ashamed  to  take  lessons  even  of  his  enemies. 
He  will  yet  teach  in  his  turn.  He  is  naturally  in- 
clined to  peace,  and  to  the  peaceful  pursuit  of  agri- 
culture ;  but  when  called  upon  to  do  it,  fights  with 
cool  courage  and  unconquerable  persistence." 

The  Poles  form  another  branch  of  the  Sclavonic 
race,  and  to  the  same  general  characteristics  as  are 
shown  by  the  Russians,  add  greater  activity,  ardor, 
and  impulsiveness,  with  some  of  the  refining  in- 
fluences of  a  more  ancient  civilization.  Many  of 
them  have  dark  hair  and  eyes,  and  are  taller  and 
more  elegantly  formed  than  the  Sclavons  generally. 
Their  strong  national  feeling  does  not  readily  allow 
itself  to  be  absorbed  in  the  racial  spirit. 

III.— Temperament  in  the  Mongolian  Race. 

This  race  embraces  the  nations  and  tribes  which 
occupy  the  central,  eastern,  south-eastern^  and  north- 
ern parts  of  Asia — the  people  of  China,  Japan,  Thibet, 
Bootan,  and  Indo-China,  the  Laplanders  of  Europe, 


FIG.  88.— THE   SCLAVAN.      ALEXANDER   ALEXANDROVITCH. 

PLATE  XLII 


FIG.  89.— A  CHINAMAN. 


FIG.  90. — A  MALAY. 
PLATE    XLIII. 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.  199 

and  the  Esquimaux,  on  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  A  portion  of  the  race,  notably  the  Chinese 
and  Japanese,  are  the  depositories  of  an  old,  and,  in 
some  respects,  a  high  civilization,  but  one  seem- 
ingly incapable  of  much  advancement. 

Taking  the  Chinese  (Fig.  89)  as  a  type  of  the  Mon- 
golian race,  we  find  the  prevailing  Temperament  to 
be  Bilious-Vital,  with  a  strong  predisposition  to  the 
Lymphatic  condition,  especially  among  those  resid- 
ing in  moist  or  marshy  regions.  The  Mental  Tem- 
perament is  not  unknown  among  the  Chinese  and 
Japanese,  but  is  far  from  being  common. 

The  Mongolian  head  is  smaller  than  that  of  the 
Caucasian,  and  has  a  larger  proportion  of  its  bulk 
back  of  the  car ;  the  forehead  also  is  less  prominent 
and  lower.  Viewed  in  front,  it  is  more  or  less  pyra- 
midal, being  broad  at  the  base  and  narrow  at  the 
top.  Combativeness,  Destructiveness,  Acquisitiveness, 
Secretiveness,  Cautiousness,  and  Constructiveness  are 
generally  full,  as  is  also  Imitation,  while  Causality, 
Ideality,  and  Mirthfulness  are  deficient.  The  face  is 
broad  and  flat;  the  nose  short  and  thick;  tie  eyes 
black ;  the  eyebrows  very  slight ;  the  hair  black  and 
lank;  the  beard  very  slight,  or  entirely  wanting; 
complexion  tawny. 

IV. — Temperament  in  the  Malay  Race  (Fig.  90). 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  Malay  is  a  cross,  in  which 
is  mingled  the  blood  of  three  distinct  races — the  Cau* 
casian,  the  Mongolian,  and  the  Ethiopian,  and  there* 
fore  not  entitled  to  be  considered  as  a  distinct  race. 
Be  that  as  it  may,  he  shows  some  of  the  characteris- 


200  TJie   Temperaments. 

tics  of  the  Caucasian  combined  with  traits  which 
belong  to  the  lower  types  mentioned.  His  skull  is 
higher,  and  not  so  broad  as  that  of  the  Mongolian, 
and  he  sometimes  presents  a  facial  angle  not  much 
inferior  to  that  of  the  average  Caucasian,  but  gener- 
ally there  is  a  projection  of  the  jaws  and  a  fullness 
of  the  lips  which  seem  to  ally  him  to  the  Negro. 
The  features  are  prominent ;  the  eyes  and  hair  black ; 
the  complexion  tawny,  sometimes  approaching  the 
hue  of  mahogany.  The  Temperament  is  generally 
Bilious-Motive,  the  muscular  development  being 
more  decided  in  the  arms  and  chest  than  in  the 
lower  limbs,  owing  doubtless  to  the  maritime  habits 
of  the  race. 

The  Malay  is  active,  enterprising,  subtle,  excitable, 
crafty,  unprincipled,  treacherous,  sensual,  and  cruel. 
He  is  subject  to  fits  of  ungovernable  passion,  brought 
on  by  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors,  opium,  and  bang 
(smoking-hemp),  in  which  he  seems  to  thirst  for  blood 
and  to  be  utterly  insensible  to  either  fear  or  bodily 
pain.  This  frenzy  is  known  by  the  name  of  Muck 
or  Mook  in  Sumatra,  and  Wade  in  India.  To  the 
same  frenzy  and  nervous  insensibility  may  be  ascribed 
the  ferocious,  unyielding  spirit  manifested  by  the 
Malays  in  battle.  "  They  fight  to  the  last  gasp ; 
never  ask  and  scarcely  will  accept  quarter,  or  express 
thanks  for  mercy  or  the  cure  of  wounds." 

"  The  Malay,"  it  has  been  aptly  said,  "  is  at  once 
the  tiger  and  the  serpent  of  the  East," 


Temperament  in  Races  and  Nations.         201 

V. — Temperament  in  the  American  Race 
(Fig.  91). 

In  the  American  Indian  we  find  the  most  perfect 
examples  of  the  dark  or  bilious  type  of  the  Motive 
Temperament,  or  as  we  have  more  compactly  ex- 
pressed the  constitutional  condition  referred  to — the 
Bilious-Motive  Temperament,  shown  in  his  tall, 
sinewy  frame,  muscular  limbs,  prominent  features, 
harsh  expression,  black  hair,  black  or  brown  eyes, 
and  copper-colored  complexion,  as  well  as  in  his 
mental  character,  in  which  energy,  persistence,  firm- 
ness, dignity,  bravery,  cautiousness,  cunning,  and 
cruelty  are  marked  traits.  His  cranium  is  heavy  and 
coarse,  and  distinguished  for  its  roundness,  manifest 
in  every  aspect,  for  its  great  breadth  immediately 
above  the  ears,  and  for  a  lofty  coronal  region.  The 
forehead  is  broad,  but  retreating,  showing  the  Percep- 
tive faculties  to  predominate  over  the  reasoning  powers. 

The  Vital  Temperament  is  sometimes,  though 
rarely,  found  among  the  Indians,  but  the  Mental  is 
unknown  among  the  uncivilized  tribes. 

VI. — Temperament  in  the  Ethiopian  Race 
(Fig.  92). 

The  tribes  and  nations  of  this  race  are  widely  dis- 
persed, in  Africa,  Abyssinia,  Australia,  Borneo,  and 
several  other  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  and 
in  North  and  South  America.  The  various  tribes 
differ  widely  from  each  other,  though  all  possessing 
certain  general  characteristics  in  common.  We  shall 
base  our  remarks  under  this  head  upon  the  Negro  of 
our  Southern  States,  as  we  find  him  to-day,  after  a 
9* 


202  The  Te?nperaments. 

few  generations  of  slavery  and  a  few  years  of  freedom 
and  franchise  among  civilized  Caucasians.  He  has 
improved  somewhat,  even  under  the  unfavorable  con- 
ditions to  which  he  has  been  subjected,  but  in  the 
distinctive  characteristics  of  his  race,  he  is  essentially 
the  same  as  his  brother  in  the  interior  of  Africa. 

The  Temperament  of  the  Negro  is  naturally  Bil- 
ious-Motive, but  examples  of  the  Bilious-Vital  are 
not  uncommon,  especially  among  the  women ;  and 
the  Sanguine  element,  though  not  often  predomi- 
nant, is  by  no  means  deficient,  as  the  ample  chest 
and  active  circulatory  system  attest.  The  influ- 
ence of  this  last-named  constitutional  condition 
is  seen  in  the  lively,  ardent,  amiable,  excitable,  im- 
pulsive, and  volatile  disposition  so  often  manifest- 
ed under  circumstances  particularly  calculated  to 
draw  them  out ;  but  the  true  basis  of  the  Negro 
character,  contrary  to  the  generally  received  opinion, 
is  laid  more  deeply  in  slow,  steady  energy  and  patient 
endurance.  The  American  freedmen  of  to-day  are 
oftener  grave  than  gay,  and  are  capable  of  undertak- 
ing the  most  serious  enterprises  and  of  carrying  them 
out  to  the  end — be  that  end  success  or  failure — with 
a  persistence  for  which  they  have  not  hitherto  re- 
ceived credit.  They  are  not  good,  however,  in  plan- 
ning their  undertakings,  and  their  energy  and  pluck 
are  generally  thrown  away.  With  all  his  amiability, 
sympathy,  and  real  kindness  of  heart,  the  Negro  can 
be  guilty  of  the  greatest  cunning,  ferocity,  and  cruelty. 

The  Mental  Temperament  is  seldom  found  in  the 
Negro,  but  will  doubtless  be  hereafter  developed  by 
culture. 


FIG.  92.— THE   NEGRO. 
PLATE    XL1V. 


XV. 
STUDIES  IN  TEMPERAMENT. 

I. — The  Great  Tragedienne  (Fig.  93). 

ANY  careful  reader  of  the  foregoing  chapters,  hav- 
ing before  him  a  head  and  face  like  the  one  here 
represented,  will  be  able  to  determine  at  a  glance  the 
Temperament  of  the  person  to  whom  it  belongs. 
The  pyriform  outline,  the  clearly-defined,  sharply-cut 
features,  the  expression  of  lively  intelligence,  all  in- 
dicate dominant  mentality.  On  this  simple  fact  he 
may  base  a  tolerably  correct  general  estimate  of 
character,  so  far  as  character  depends  upon  or  is 
denoted  by  a  constitutional  condition.  This  is  a 
marked  case.  There  can  be  no  question  as  to  which 
system  of  organs  is  in  the  ascendant  in  the  constitu- 
tion. But  even  here,  we  must  not  be  too  hasty  in 
summing  up.  The  subordinate  temperamental  ele 
ments  are  to  be  taken  into  the  account  as  well  as  the 
leading  one.  The  practical  difficulty  lies  in  accurately 
measuring  the  relative  proportion  which  each  bears 
to  the  others,  so  as  to  assign  to  each  its  due  influ- 
ence on  the  character.  Especially  is  it  important  to 
determine  correctly  which  stands  next  to  the  leading 
one,  in  development  and  activity.  In  the  case  of 
Rachel,  there  was  a  solidity  and  firmness  of  texture 

(203) 


204  The   Temperaments. 

about  her  rather  slight  frame — a  certain  wiriness  and 
tension  in  her  muscles — which  hardly  needed  the  tes- 
timony of  her  wondrous  dark  brown  eyes  and  black 
hair  to  prove  the  influential  position  of  the  Bilious- 
Motive  element  in  her  constitution ;  and  we  know 
that  the  effect  must  have  been  to  strengthen  and  in- 
tensify all  the  natural  manifestations  of  the  Mental 
Temperament.  The  refined  tastes,  the  clear  and  cor- 
rect artistic  conceptions,  the  vivid  and  quick-coming 
fancies,  the  ready  discrimination,  and  the  keen  sen- 
sitiveness which  characterize  predominant  brain- 
power were  here  reinforced  by  the  greater  energy  of 
character,  strength  of  will,  firmness,  and  persistence 
which  belong  to  the  system  next  in  development  and 
activity.  From  the  same  source  came  the  strong 
passions,  the  overmastering  ambition,  and  the  im- 
patience of  wholesome  restraint  which  sometimes 
disturbed  the  current  of  a  life  immortalized  by 
genius.  Without  this  potential  tempering  with  the 
bilious-muscular  '  element,  however,  Rachel  could 
never  have  become  the  Queen  of  Tragedy,  though 
she  might  have  still  had  a  brilliant  career  in  some 
other  department  of  intellectual  effort.  It  was  this^ 
which  gave  her  the  power  to  feel,  appreciate,  and 
imbue  herself  with  the  passions  she  sought  to  portray 
and  to  make  them  living  realities  on  the  stage. 

II.— The  Mormon  Leader  (Fig.  94). 

A  broad  chest,  a  stout  body,  massive  limbs,  a  full, 
ruddy  face  indicate  at  once  to  the  eye  the  predomi- 
nance of  the  vital  system,  but  a  large,  active  brain 
and  a  good  development  of  the  muscular  or  locomo- 


FIG.  94.      RRIGHAM   YOUNG. 
PLATE    XLV. 


Studies  in   Temperament.  20* 

tive  system  (more  evident  in  a  photograph  now  be- 
fore us  than  in  tlvs  engraving),  temper  this  vigorous 
animality,  with  a  high  degree  of  intellectual  power, 
energy  of  character,  and  executive  ability.  With  a 
smaller  brain,  he  might  have  been  a  mere  vulgar  sen- 
sualist ;  with  less  of  the  Motive  element,  he  would 
have  taken  a  subordinate  place  instead  of  becoming 
the  chief  ruler  of  his  people.  The  basis  of  his  char- 
acter lay  in  his  massive  trunk,  the  never-failing  source 
of  that  vital  affluence  which  sustains,  vivifies,  warms, 
and  quickens  body  and  brain  alike.  The  superstruct- 
ure had  the  strength  of  sinew  and  the  force  of  char- 
acter imparted  by  the  muscular  constitution,  and  the 
intellectual  ability  and  moral  influence  which  come 
from  a  strongly-developed  and  well-balanced  mental 
organization.  The  base  of  the  brain  was  heavy  and 
the  neck  short  and  thick,  giving  the  Propensities 
great  power  and  activity,  but  the  high  coronal  region 
furnished  the  strong  will  and  the  high  moral  prin 
ciples  calculated  to  hold  them  measurably  in  check. 

III.— The  Daughter  of  a  Queen  (Fig.  95). 

There  is  no  lack  of  vital  stamina  in  the  Royal 
Family  of  England.  The  Queen,  the  Princes,  and  the 
Princesses  all  fitly  represent  the  physical  opulence 
the  abounding  vigor  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.  The 
fullness  of  contour,  the  shapeliness  of  limb,  the  round- 
ness of  cheek,  the  freshness  of  complexion,  which 
betoken  good  digestion,  full  respiration  and  rapid, 
equable  circulation,  are  never  lacking. 

The  Vital  Temperament  in  the  Princess  Alice  is 
sufficiently  modified  by  a  good  mental  development 


Zo6  The  Temperaments. 

to  give  considerable  delicacy  to  the  features,  refine- 
ment to  the  manners,  good  taste  and  love  of  art  and 
literature,  without  detracting  from  the  genial  good- 
nature, the  lively  animal  spirits,  the  impulsiveness, 
the  ardor,  and  the  amiable  and  affectionate  disposi- 
tion natural  to  it.  The  Motive  element  is  but  mod- 
erately developed,  its  principal  indication,  so  far  as 
shown  in  our  engraving,  being  the  prominence  of  the 
nose,  which  indicates  some  force  of  character  and 
steadiness  of  purpose. 

IV. — A  Savage  Chieftain  (Fig.  96). 
Here  is  a  type  of  the  Red  Man  and  of  the  dark  or 
Bilious-Motive  Temperament.  Large,  dense  bones; 
heavy  joints,  like  hinges  of  iron  bound  with  bands 
of  steel ;  firm,  wiry  muscles ;  harsh,  prominent  feat- 
ures; high  cheek-bones  ;  retreating  forehead  ;  beetling 
brows ;  deep-set,  cruel,  black  eyes  ;  coarse  black  hair  ; 
and  a  hard,  stern  expression  of  countenance,  are  some 
of  the  external  indications  of  the  great  physical 
strength,  toughness,  and  endurance  of  this  constitu- 
tional condition,  as  well  as  of  its  strong,  rough,  un- 
compromising, energetic,  steadfast,  cool,  calculating, 
persistent  mental  character,  softened  by  no  human 
tenderness,  refined  by  no  aesthetic  tastes,  and  warmed 
by  no  kindly  impulses.  Such  a  man  is  not  likely  to 
show  any  amiable  weaknesses,  or  to  be  turned  aside 
from  any  course  he  may  have  marked  out  for  himself, 
by  sentimental  considerations.  He  will  shrink  from 
no  danger  which  may  lie  in  his  path,  and  will  endure 
hardship  and  pain  with  indifference,  if  they  come  to 
him  in  the  pursuit  of  his  ends.     Sufferings  inflicted 


FIG.  1)5.  — PRINCESS   ALICE. 


F1-.    }6.— KANOSH,  AN  INDIAN  CHIEF. 


PLATE   XLV1. 


Studies  in   Temperament.  207 

upon  others  will  move  him  as  little.  Ambitious,  fond 
of  power,  self-reliant,  cool,  cautious,  secretive,  brave, 
energetic,  persevering,  hard,  stern,  cruel,  relentless — « 
such  is  the  Motive  Temperament  in  the  Savage, 
where  the  modifying  influences  of  intellectual  and 
moral  culture  are  unfelt.  There  is  here,  keen  obser- 
vation, clear  perceptions,  shrewd  common  sense,  im- 
movable firmness,  and  considerable  executive  ability 
and  talent  for  leading  and  controlling  others,  but  little 
imagination,  taste,  or  capacity  for  abstract  reasoning. 

V. — A  Savage  Woman  and  Child  (Fig.  97). 

This  Polynesian  woman  presents  a  striking  contrast 
to  the  Indian  chief  noted  in  the  preceding  section. 
Savages  they  both  are,  with  dark  skins  and  black 
eyes,  but  they  are  as  unlike  in  Temperament  as  pos- 
sible, and  a?  unlike  in  character.  Here  we  have  the 
Vital  constitution  in  its  melanic  form,  or  the  Bilious- 
Vital  Temperament,  neither  the  Motive  nor  the 
Mental  elements  having  an  influential  development. 
Light-hearted  (as  well  as  light-headed) ;  luxuriating 
in  all  the  mere  animal  enjoyments ;  good-natured, 
affectionate,  impulsive,  passionate,  excitable,  and  vol- 
atile— such  a  being  is  constitutionally  fitted  to  be 
the  denizen  of  a  lovely  tropical  island,  resting  in  the 
bosom  of  peaceful  seas,  such  as  Pedro  Fernandes  de 
Quiros,  the  navigator  who  discovered  Espiritu  Santo 
in  1605,  describes  that  delightful  spot  to  be.  He 
says: 

"The  rivers  Jordan  and  Salvador  give  no  small 
beauty  to  their  shores,  for  they  are  full  of  odoriferous 
flowers  and  plants.     Pleasant  ana  agreeable  groves 


2o8  The  Temperaments. 

front  the  sea  in  every  part ;  we  mounted  to  the  tops 
of  mountains  and  perceived  fertile  valleys  and  rivers 
winding  among  green  meadows.  The  whole  is  a 
country  which,  without  doubt,  has  the  advantage 
over  those  of  America,  and  the  best  of  the  European 
will  be  well  if  it  is  equal.  It  is  plenteous  of  vari- 
ous and  delicious  fruits,  potatoes,  yams,  plantains, 
oranges,  limes,  sweet  basil,  nutmegs,  and  ebony,  all 
of  which,  without  the  help  of  sickle,  plow,  or  other 
artifice,  it  yields  in  every  season.  There  are  also 
cattle,  birds  of  many  kinds  and  of  charming  notes, 
honey-bees,  rarrots,  doves,  and  partridges.  The 
houses  wherein  the  Indians  live  are  thatched  and 
low,  and  they  (the  Indians,  not  the  houses)  are  of  a 
black  complexion." 

Animals  can  not  smile,  nor  have  they,  probably, 
any  sense  of  the  ludicrous  or  the  comic.  Savages  in 
general  have  but  a  moderate  or  small  development 
of  Mirthfulness,  but  our  Polynesian  woman  has  the 
suggestion  of  a  smile  playing  about  her  good-natured 
mouth,  and  the  baby  would  laugh  if  not  too  shy.  It 
is  well-developed  in  some  of  the  negroes  of  the  South- 
ern States. 

Compare  the  Bilious- Vital  Temperament  in  the 
savage  woman  of  Espiritu  Santo  with  the  light  or 
Sanguine  type  of  the  same  constitution,  as  modified 
by  a  large  and  active  brain  and  the  culture  of  a  high 
civilization,  in  the  distinguished  Irishwoman  here 
represented  (Fig.  98).  In  the  latter  we  recognize  the 
same  full,  rounded  contours,  general  plumpness,  and 
breadth  of  development,  as  in  the  former,  but  the 
impression  of  the  whole  organization  is  entirely  dif- 


FIG.  97. — NATIVES   OF    ESl'IRITU    SANTO. 


FIG.  Q8.— LADY    MORGAN. 

PLATE   XLVII. 


Studies  in  Temperament.  209 

ferent.  The  forehead  has  expanded,  the  eyes  beam 
with  intelligence,  the  outlines  of  the  features,  though 
softened  and  roundly  curved,  are  clear  and  well-de- 
fined, and  the  expression  is  thoughtful  and  sympa- 
thetic. A  different  spirit  looks  out  from  behind  the 
mask  of  warm  flesh  and  blood.  Lady  Morgan  (Sid- 
ney Owenson)  once  described  herself  as  having  "  a 
Temperament  as  cheery  and  genial  as  ever  went  to 
that  strange  medley  of  pathos  and  humor — the  Irish 
character." 

VI.— A  Working  Bishop  (Fig  99). 

With  the  locomotive  or  osseous  and  muscular  sys- 
tem well-developed,  to  give  the  heavy  frame  and 
angular  projections  to  the  figure,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  an  ample  manifestation  of  the  vital  or  nutritive 
system,  to  fill  out  the  skeleton  with  good  solid  flesh, 
and  to  sustain  the  whole  in  vigorous  action,  we 
observe  a  degree  of  squareness  about  the  face,  as 
imperfectly  shown  in  Fig.  99,  in  which,  with  a  pre- 
dominance of  the  Mental  element,  we  have  a  strong 
development  of  both  the  Motive  and  the  Vital,  form- 
ing a  powerful  organization  for  practical  work,  as 
well  as  for  observation,  investigation,  study,  and 
thought.  Such  a  man  is  born  to  command  and  to 
lead  and  control  men,  by  the  simple  virtue  of  a  calm, 
cool,  steady,  energetic,  self-reliant,  determined  char- 
acter, backed  up  by  a  vigorous  intellect,  and  a  rich, 
warm,  and,  at  the  same  time,  dense  and  tough 
physical  system.  At  the  head  of  an  army,  or  a 
chairman  of  a  church  convention,  he  would  show  the 


210  The  Temperaments, 

same  self-control  and  the  same  mastery  over  those 
around  him. 

Fig.  103  shows  how  a  similar  combination  of  tem- 
peramental elements  is  modified  in  expression  by  sex 
and  education.  Mrs.  Clemmer,  we  are  told,  has  dark 
hair  and  blue  eyes.  The  former,  with  the  strong, 
prominent  features  and  somewhat  severe  expression, 
indicates  the  influence  of  the  Motive  constitution, 
while  the  latter  represents,  in  connection  with  a  mod- 
erate fullness  of  cheeks  and  lips,  the  Sanguine  or 
Vital  element,  while  there  is  sufficient  expansion  of 
forehead,  elevation  of  the  coronal  region,  and  clear- 
cut  sharpness  in  the  features  to  show  the  dominance 
of  the  brain-power.  She  should  be,  as  she  is,  a 
ready,  vigorous  writer,  as  well  as  a  keen,  critical 
observer. 

VII. — A  Solid,  Stable  Character  (Fig.  100). 

This  portrait  illustrates  that  class  of  cases  referred 
to  in  Chapter  VII.,  in  which  age  brings  with  it,  in 
the  Vital  and  Mental-Vital  Temperaments,  a  tend- 
ency to  that  constitutional  condition  described  by 
the  pathologists  as  the  Lymphatic  Temperament. 
Though  to  a  certain  extent  an  abnormal  condition, 
it  is  by  no  means  inconsistent  with  endurance  and 
longevity — in  fact,  it  may  promote  the  latter  by  re- 
tarding the  too  great  activity  of  body  and  mind, 
which  so  often  hastens  the  wearing  out  of  the  physi- 
cal system,  and  by  promoting  a  calm,  cc  ol,  dispas. 
sionate  state  of  mind,  a  love  of  ease,  and  a  distaste 
for  the  disturbing  excitements  of  public  life  and  the 
cares  and  responsibilities  of  business.     In  this  case 


PIG.  IOO. — JOHN   S.    DARCY 

PLATE   Xw/lll. 


Studies  in  Temperament,  211 

there  is  evidence  of  both  vigor  and  toughness,  great 
tenacity  of  life,  and  a  quiet,  equable,  well-regulated 
disposition,  eminently  favorable  to  health  and  lon- 
gevity. Dr.  Franklin,  and,  to  a  lesser  extent,  General 
Washington  manifested  the  same  lymphatic  tenden- 
cies in  old  age. 

Mr.  Darcy's  character,  as  delineated  several  years 
ago  in  the  American  Phrenological  Journal,  is  shown 
to  be  a  strong,  practical,  harmonious  one,  as  the  bal- 
ance of  temperamental  conditions  in  his  organization 
would  lead  us  to  infer.  "There  is,"  the  examiner 
says,  "decision,  stability,  and  executiveness  indi- 
cated, together  with  excellent  planning  talent ;  and 
if  he  is  not  an  inventor,  he  is  capable  of  planning, 
contriving,  projecting,  and  devising  ways  and  means 
to  accomplish  difficult  ends.  He  always  makes  his 
brain  save  his  hands.  He  is  a  man  of  comparatively 
few  words,  but  is  full  of  thought  and  originality.  He 
is  eminently  kind,  sympathetic,  just,  and  devotional. 
He  is  not  brilliant,  showy,  imaginative,  or  poetical ; 
but  kind,  affectionate,  watchful,  and  considerate. 
Utility  first,  beauty  and  finish  afterward,  would  be 
his  motto;  though  he  would  be  tasteful,  refined, 
neat,  and  tidy,  requiring  and  observing  method  and 
order  in  all  things.  He  has  excellent  judgment  in 
regard  to  the  value  of  property,  knowing  exactly 
what  a  dollar  is  worth,  and  what  can  be  done  with 
it.  He  would  make  an  excellent  appraiser.  He  is 
always  manly  and  dignified  without  ostentation  ;  has 
a  strong  will  without  obstinacy ;  deep  religious  emo- 
tions without  bigotry ;  is  cautious  without  being  timid, 
and  playful,  mirthful,  and  joyous  without  hilarity." 


212  The  Temperaments. 

VIII.— Temperament  "in  the  Rough"  (Fig. 

IOI). 

Here  the  Vital  Temperament  (in  the  daughter) 
and  the  Vital-Motive  (in  the  mother)  are  represented 
in  the  rough  aspect  in  which  they  manifest  them- 
selves among  the  rude,  uncultivated  lower  class  of  a 
European  sea-port — not  lower  in  vitality  and  strength 
of  constitution,  but  in  intellectual  development  and 
cultivation.  Observe  what  large,  muscular  bodies, 
large  necks,  and  moderate-sized  brains.  The  business 
of  this  class  is  to  live  and  enjoy  life  in  the  affections 
and  senses  rather  than  in  the  intellect  or  sentiments. 
All  the  bodily  functions  are  healthy  and  vigorous — 
digestion,  breathing,  and  ■  circulation.  Without  the 
luxuries  of  the  higher  circles  of  life,  they  subsist  upon 
the  simplest  food,  live  much  in  the  open  air,  and 
enjoy  life  into  extreme  old  age.  These  are  simple- 
minded,  temperate,  and  virtuous  people,  whose  wants 
are  few,  and  who  live  nearer  to  nature  than  many  in 
more  fashionable  circles.  They  are  profoundly  relig- 
ious, full  of  faith,  hope,  and  trust,  with  limited  edu- 
cation, see  a  Providence  even  in  calamities,  and 
accept  reverses  and  disappointments  without  a  mur- 
mur. They  are  full  of  life,  and  happy  in  their  condi- 
tion. The  mother  has  a  resolute,  determined  expres- 
sion, is  very  self-reliant  and  energetic,  and  will,  we 
may  be  sure,  turn  aside  from  her  course  for  no  one. 
Strong-willed,  severe  (when  severity  may  be  required) 
and  perhaps  domineering,  she  is  still,  by  virtue  of 
the  influential  activity  of  the  strong  vital  element  in 
her  constitution,  kind,  benevolent,  and  sympathetic. 


FIG.  TOI. — FISHER  WOMEN    OF    BOULOGNE. 


FIG.   102. — MRS.  LOUISA    CHANDLE.1    MOULTON. 

PLATF.   XL!X 


FIG.   103. — MARY    CLEMMER. 


Studies  in   Temperament.  213 

The  daughter  is  of  a  softer  and  more  pliable  organi- 
zation, and  will  yield  to  the  pressure  of  circumstances, 
where  resistance  might  involve  pain,  hardship,  or 
self-sacrifice.  In  her  disposition  she  is  more  pleasing 
and  amiable. 

Though  these  simple  fisherwomen  have  little  more 
intellectual  development  or  training  than  savages, 
they  are  far  above  them  in  the  scale  of  being,  through 
the  reflected  light  of  the  civilization  which  shines 
around  them,  and  the  purer  religion  which  has  ele- 
vated their  moral  sentiments  and  refined  their  affec- 
tions. 

IX.— A  Literary  Lady  (Fig.  102). 

From  a  fisherwoman  of  Boulogne  to  a  cultivated 
and  refined  American  lady  is  a  long  step,  and  great 
is  the  difference  between  the  organic  quality  of  the 
two,  though  both  have  the  same  general  configura- 
tion and  are  made  up  of  similar  materials — bones, 
muscles,  tissues,  and  fluids.  The  one  is  coarse,  the 
other  fine.  Here  we  have  delicacy,  grace,  and  beauty ; 
there  rough  outlines,  awkward  movements,  and  home- 
ly features.  In  the  lady,  the  chiseling  is  clear  and 
sharp ;  in  the  fish-wife,  blurred  and  broken.  In  the 
latter,  the  animal  nature  predominates;  in  the  former 
the  mental. 

Mrs.  Moulton  has  the  Mental  Temperament,  with 
sufficient  of  the  vital  element  to  impart  a  good  de- 
gree of  warmth,  amiability,  impulsiveness,  and  buoy- 
ancy to  her  disposition  and  give  liveliness,  brilliancy, 
and  versatility  to  her  intellectual  efforts ;  and  enough 
of  the    Motive  to    endow  her  with  the    necessary 


214  The  Temperaments. 

toughness  of  physical  fiber  and  stability  of  moral 
character.  Her  eyes  are  probably  gray  or  hazel,  her 
hair  dark  brown,  and  her  complexion  between  fair 
and  dark.  "  She  is  a  pleasing  and  entertaining  writer, 
and  is  always  affable,  gracious,  and  overflowing  with 
courtesy;  has  a  quick  and  appreciative  eye  for  what- 
ever is  beautiful  in  poetry  or  prose,  in  art  or  in 
nature,  and  delights  far  more  in  pointing  out  the 
merits  of  an  author  than  in  holding  him  up  to  even 
deserved  censure."  So  an  admirer  says  of  her,  and 
her  organization  does  not  falsify  the  estimate  of  the 
friendly  pen. 

X. — An  Ardent,  Emotional  Character  (Fig. 
104). 

No  one  will  need  to  be  told  that  we  have  here  a 
representation  of  the  Vital  Temperament.  The  nu- 
tritive functions  are  in  fact  rather  excessive  in  their 
action,  giving  a  superabundance  of  all  the  life-sus- 
taining elements  and  an  undesirable  fullness  to  the 
figure — a  plumpness  bordering  on  corpulence.  A 
good  intellectual  endowment,  however,  redeems  the 
lady's  organization  from  any  suspicion  of  mere  animal 
grossness.  Another  feature  of  her  constitution,  not 
so  obvious,  perhaps,  to  the  casual  observer,  in  an  un- 
colored  picture,  imparts  an  air  of  solidity  and  strength 
to  her  person  and  of  force  and  dignity  to  her  char- 
acter. This  is  the  melanic  or  bilious  element  indi- 
cated by  dark  eyes,  black  hair,  and  a  peachy  bloom 
on  the  cheek.  She  should  be  a  good  observer  and 
by  no  means  deficient  as  a  thinker;  should  converse 
fluently  and  well,  and  be  full  of  emotion  and  passion. 


FIG.  104.— MARTHA   HAINES   BUTTS   BENNETT. 


Fir;,  ros. — A    NEGRO. 


PLATE    L. 


Studies  in  Temperament.  215 

She  is  warm,  ardent,  voluptuous,  sympathetic,  and 
enthusiastic,  but  at  the  same  time  earnest,  self-poised, 
and  firm.  "  When  such  a  nature  takes  the  offensive, 
there  is  no  half-way  work.  She  is  resolute  as  well  as 
tender;  executive,  but  not  cruel  or  vindictive ;  cau- 
tious, but  not  timid  or  irresolute;  self-relying,  but 
not  haughty.  She  loves  her  liberty,  and  will  not 
submit  to  restraint,  but  can  conform  and  adapt  her- 
self to  circumstances.  She  may  be  led  or  persuaded, 
but  can  not  be  driven."  She  probably  owes  the 
melanic  element  in  her  constitution  to  a  strain  of 
Celtic  blood,  being  of  French  descent  on  the  mother's 
side. 

The  influence  of  the  dark  or  bilious  element  when 
associated  with  the  Vital  Temperament,  forming  what 
we  have  called  the  Bilious- Vital  Temperament,  has 
received  too  little  attention  and  should  be  carefully 
studied  by  the  physiologist  as  well  as  by  the  reader 
of  character. 

XL— The  Melanic  or  Dark  Element  (Fig.  105). 

Like  the  great  majority  of  his  race,  this  Negro  has 
the  Motive  Temperament,  shown  by  the  projecting 
cheek  bones  and  jaws,  and  (inferentially)  the  length 
and  size  of  the  bones  generally,  as  well  as  by  the 
length  of  the  cranium,  which  would  be  found  also 
thick  and  dense.  The  osseous  and  muscular  systems 
are  decidedly  predominant,  but  there  is  no  marked 
deficiency  in  the  nutritive  system,  the  breathing 
power  and  circulation  being  good,  and  the  digestion 
admirable. 

The   Mental   Temperament   is    almost    unknown 


2i6  The   Temperaments. 

among  the  Negroes  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
Union,  but  will,  no  doubt,  be  developed  as  one  of 
the  results  of  freedom,  franchise,  and  free  schools. 
The  Vital  Temperament  is  common  enough  among 
the  women  employed  as  house  servants,  nurses,  etc., 
but  "  field  hands  "  of  both  sexes — generally  the  de- 
scendants of  generations  of  "  field  hands" — inherit 
the  muscular  development  which  is  the  basis  of  the 
Motive  Temperament. 

The  supposed  light-hearted,  buoyant,  jovial,  care- 
less, and  improvident  character  of  the  Negro  has 
seemed  to  indicate  a  sanguine  constitution  or  Vital 
Temperament.  All  Southern  races  are  improvident 
and  lacking  in  forethought  in  matters  pertaining  to 
the  shelter  and  sustenance  of  the  body ;  not  from  the 
effects  of  a  volatile  Temperament,  but  because  nature 
and  climate  are  too  opulent  and  deal  too  generously 
with  them  to  render  industrious,  careful,  and  saving 
habits  necessary.  As  to  any  peculiar  gay,  rollicking, 
light-heartedness,  and  love  of  pleasure  in  the  Negro 
character  it  is  a  mere  fiction  of  the  casual  observer, 
probably  growing  out  of  the  fact  that  in  the  time  of 
slavery,  dancing,  music,  singing,  and  wild  revelry 
marked  festive  occasions  among  them.  These  were 
reactions  against  the  monotonous  labors  and  close 
restraints  of  their  condition,  and  no  indications  of  the 
general  tone  of  feeling  among  them.  These  scenes 
have  almost  entirely  disappeared,  since  "  freedorr 
came,"'  giving  place  to  political  and  religious  meet- 
ings, processions,  and  other  more  serious  relaxations. 
In  fact,  the  prevailing  tone  is  a  grave  one,  evincing 
far  more  pathos  than  hilarity.     All  genuine  Negro 


Studies  in   Temperament.  217 

music  is  in  the  minor  key,  and  neither  slavery  nor 
freedom  have  thus  attuned  their  voices.  There 
is  in  them  a  toughness,  a  power  of  sustained  action, 
and  a  persistence  of  purpose,  as  well  as  a  slow  move- 
ment and  a  cool,  calculating  policy  which  belong  to 
the  Melano-Motive  Temperament  alone. 

XII. — An  American  Soldier  (Fig.  106). 

This  portrait  represents  a  fine  example  of  the 
Motive-Mental  Temperament,  the  prominences  and 
angularities  of  the  strong  osseous  system  being  some- 
what smoothed  down,  sharpened,  and  refined  by  the 
full  development  and  great  activity  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system. 

General  Logan  is  described  as  being  "tall  and 
tough,  with  a  most  flexible  physiology;  his  hair  is 
black  and  wiry ;  his  skin  a  reddish-white  or  a  livid 
brown ;  eyes  full,  black,  and  piercing ;  nose  promi- 
nent ;  nostrils  large ;  chin  long  and  projecting ;  jaws 
strong  and  well  set  on ;  mouth  large,  but  well  cut ; 
lips  full  and  firm ;  ears  above  the  average,  and  the 
neck  is  large  and  sinewy.  His  breathing,  circulation, 
and  digestion  are  excellent." 

In  character,  he  is  cool,  brave,  self-reliant,  unaf- 
fected, firm,  self-possessed,  independent,  proud, 
strong-willed,  energetic,  clear-headed,  persevering, 
somewhat  severe,  if  not  stern,  but  at  the  same  time 
warm-hearted  and  sympathetic.  As  a  friend,  he  may 
be  counted  on  under  all  circumstances,  for  he  is  emi- 
nently steadfast  and  constant ;  as  an  enemy  he  would 
be  bitter  and  perhaps  cruel  and  unrelenting.  His  in- 
tellectual abilities  are  above  the  average,  but  his 
10 


218  The  Temperaments. 

efficiency  is  largely  due  to  his  energetic  Tempera- 
ment. "  He  would  have  made  a  capital  engineer, 
explorer,  navigator,  or  a  pioneer.  He  is  careless  of 
mere  ornament,  but  values  the  substantials.  His 
Ideality  is  not  large,  and  love  of  the  beautiful  is  sub- 
ordinate to  his  sense  of  the  useful." 

XIIL— Chief  of  the  Horsemen  (Fig.  107). 

Here  we  have  the  Mental-Motive  Temperament, 
the  Motive  element  being  of  the  strong  dark  type, 
indicated  by  the  brown  or  black  eyes,  black  hair,  nut- 
brown  complexion,  and  prominent  and  somewhat 
harsh  features,  softened  in  expression  by  the  mental 
influences  so  active  in  the  organization. 

General  Sheridan  is  energetic,  tenacious  of  pur- 
pose, self-reliant,  ambitious,  prompt  in  action,  cool, 
brave,  trustworthy,  clear-headed,  quick  to  compre- 
hend the  situation  and  impetuous  in  execution.  His 
intellect  is  of  the  practical  kind,  and  manifests  itself 
most  efficiently  in  emergencies,  when  less  cool  and 
self-poised  minds  are  thrown  off  their  balance  and 
are  powerless  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  hour. 

A  newspaper  correspondent  describes  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan as  follows : 

"There  is  no  waste  timber  about  Sheridan;  not 
much  of  him  physically,  but  snugly  put  together. 
A  square  face,  a  warm,  black  eye,  a  pleasant  smile,  a 
reach  of  under  jaw,  showing  that  '  when  he  will,  he 
will,  you  may  depend  on't ; '  black  hair,  trimmed 
round  like  a  garden-border ;  no  Hyperion  curl  about 
him  any  more  than  there  was  about  Cromwell's 
troopers*   and  altogether  impressing  you  with  the 


FIG.   IO7.  — GEN.  PHILIP  SHERIDAN. 

PLATE  LI. 


Studies  in   Temperament.  2ig 

truth  that  there  is  about  as  much  energy  packed 
away  in  about  the  smallest  space  that  you  ever  saw  in 
your  life.  Men  ranging  down  from  medium  size  to 
little,  with  exceptions  enough  to  prove  the  rule, 
seem  to  carry  the  day  among  the  heroes.  Moses  was 
something  of  a  General,  but  no  Falstaff;  Alexander 
the  Great  and  Peter  the  Great  were  little ;  Cromwell 
was  no  giant,  and  as  for  Napoleon — why,  what  was 
he  but  'the  little  Corporal?'  Sheridan  is  a  capital 
•executive  officer ;  perhaps  he  would  be  hardly  equal 
to  planning  a  great  campaign  ;  but,  Jehu  !  wouldn't 
he  drive  it !  With  a  good  piece  of  his  head  behind 
his  ears,  and  hardly  reverence  enough  for  a  mandarin, 
he  is  not  afraid  of  the  face  of  clay.  As  chief  of  cav- 
alry, he  is  indeed  chief  among  ten  thousand/' 


XVI. 

TEMPERAMENT   IN   THE   LOWER   ANIMALS. 

We  find,  in  the  lower  animals — at  least  in  such  of 
them  as  we  purpose  to  include  in  this  sketch — the 
same  grand  systems  of  organs  as  in  man — the  loco- 
motive or  mechanical  system  ;  the  Vital  or  nutritive 
system ;  and  the  Mental  or  nervous  system.  These 
are  combined  in  different  proportions,  in  the  different 
species  of  animals,  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  different 
individuals  of  the  same  species.  The  lower  animals 
may,  therefore,  be  said  to  have  the  same  Tempera- 
ments as  are  found  in  the  human  family,  or,  at  least, 
to  have  the  capacity  for  the  same  mixing  or  temper- 
ing of  the  constitution  with  the  three  primitive  ele- 
ments— Motive,  Vital,  and  Mental. 

I.  —  Temperament  in  Wild  Animals  (Figs.  108 
to  115). 

In  speaking  of  the  savage  races  we  have  had  occa- 
sion to  remark  that  there  is  a  degree  of  uniformity 
in  Temperament  not  found  among  civilized  peoples, 
nearly  all  the  individuals  of  the  same  race  having  a 
similar  constitution.  Among  wild  animals  this  uni- 
formity is  almost  perfect.  Every  tiger  (Fig.  112)  has 
the  Bilious-Motive  Temperament,  though  there  may 
be  individual  differences  in  the  strength  of  its  devel- 
(220) 


FIG.   113.  —  UEF.K 


FIG.    115.— AiNTKLO)  K 


FIG.   112. — TIGER. 


TEMPERAMENT     IN     WILD     ANIMALS. 
PLATE  Lll. 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.        221 

opment ;  every  opossum  has  the  Vital  Temperament, 
and  every  deer  (Fig.  113)  the  Mental  or  Nervous 
Temperament.  When  we  come  to  speak  of  the  com- 
mon domestic  animals,  we  shall  see  that  the  case  is 
quite  different.  Man  has  here  interfered  with  the 
regular  working  of  natural  laws,  causing  many  modi- 
fications of  the  most  singular  and  interesting  charac- 
ter in  the  original  Temperament  and  configuration 
of  the  horse,  the  ox,  the  sheep,  etc.  The  law  in  such 
cases  seems  to  be  that  the  higher  the  organization 
and  the  greater  the  culture,  the  more  numerous  and 
wider  the  individual  differences. 

The  lion  (Fig.  108),  the  wolf  (Fig.  no),  and  the 
carnivorous  animals  generally,  have,  like  the  tiger,  the 
Motive  or  Bilious,  or,  in  our  nomenclature,  the  Bil- 
ious-Motive Temperament,  and  are  blood-thirsty, 
cunning,  treacherous,  and  cruel.  The  bear  (Fig.  109) 
has  a  larger  development  of  the  nutritive  system 
than  the  tiger,  the  wolf,  etc.,  and  may  be  described 
as  having  the  Motive- Vital  Temperament.  He  is  by 
no  means  exclusively  a  flesh-eater,  but  is  very  fond 
of  fruits  and  of  honey,  and  takes  on  fat  readily.  The 
intelligence  of  the  lion  and  of  the  fox  may  perhaps 
entitle  them  to  the  distinction  of  having  ascribed  to 
them  the  Motive-Mental  Temperament.  In  the  lat- 
ter (Fig.  in)  the  shapely  face  and  sharp,  clear-cut 
features  seem  to  indicate  such  a  combination  of  the 
temperamental  elements.  Cautiousness  and  Secre- 
tiveness,  and  especially  the  latter,  are  remarkably 
developed  in  the  fox. 

In  the  grass-eating  or  herbivorous  tribes,  we  find 
the  muscular   or  locomotive   system   generally  less 


222  The  Temperaments, 

powerfully  developed,  either  the  vital  or  the  nervous 
assuming  the  ascendency.  Thus  the  deer  and  the 
antelope  (Figs.  113  and  115)  have  the  Mental  or 
Nervous  Temperament,  and  the  woodchuck  and  the 
beaver  have  the  Vital,  though  in  the  latter  the  mus- 
cular system  is  still  very  powerful. 

Among  the  feathered  tribes  the  same  general  law 
holds  good.  Birds  of  prey,  like  the  eagle,  the  hawk, 
and  the  owl,  are  powerfully  developed  in  bone  and 
muscle,  but  thin  of  flesh,  and  never  fat,  while  the 
seed-eaters,  like  the  grouse,  the  quail,  and  the  wild 
pigeon,  are  inclined  to  plumpness  and  quickly  be- 
come fat,  where  food  suited  to  their  wants  is  abun- 
dant. The  latter  have  the  Vital  Temperament ;  the 
former,  with  the  swallows,  night-hawks,  and  other 
swift-flying,  insect-eating  birds,  have  the  Motive. 

II. — Temperament  in  Domestic  Animals. 

We  now  come  in  contact  with  various  artificial 
conditions,  such  as  diet,  breeding,  and  training, 
through  which  almost  numberless  modifications  of 
the  original  types  have  been  produced  in  the  species 
of  animals  which  have  long  been  subjected  to  man. 
We  no  longer  find  that  uniformity  which,  in  the  wild 
animals,  enables  us,  in  discussing  Temperament,  to 
ignore  the  individual  and  speak  only  of  species.  In 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc.,  we  must  discriminate 
between  the  different  races,  breeds,  and  varieties,  and 
even  note  individual  differences,  as  indications  of 
mental  and  temperamental  peculiarities. 

1.  The  Horse  (Figs.  116  to  121). — The  original 
Temperament  of  the  horse,  unlike  that  of  the  grass- 


Temperament  in  the  Loiver  Animals.         223 

eaters  generally,  was  probably  the  Motive,  or  possibly 
Motive- Vital.  The  wild  horses  still  to  be  found  on 
the  Asiatic  side  of  the  Volga,  and  stretching  thence 
over  the  boundless  wilds  of  the  interior,  are  thus 
described : 

"Their  heads  are  large,  thick,  and  very  convex, 
above  the  eyes ;  their  ears  are  long,  habitually  carried 
low,  and  hanging  backward ;  their  limbs  are  long,  but 
stout ;  the  muzzle  thick  and  garnished  with  bristles, 
and  long  hairs  grow  beneath  the  jaws  and  under  part 
of  the  neck.  The  hair  of  the  body  is  long  and 
shaggy,  sometimes  frizzled.  The  color  is  usually 
brownish-dun,  approaching  to  a  muddy  cream-color. 
These  horses  are  gregarious,  and  are  often  seen  in 
numbers  of  several  hundred  together." 

Catching  and  subduing  the  original  wild  horse,  or 
horses  (for  it  is  not  known  whether  all  our  races  and 
breeds  of  this  animal  are  descended  from  one  original 
stock  or  from  several),  man  has,  by  selection  and  sys- 
tematic breeding,  produced  a  great  variety  in  consti- 
tution and  configuration.  Here,  giving  length  and 
slenderness  of  limb  for  speed  and  ease  of  action,  as 
in  the  race-horse ;  there,  developing  bone  and  mus- 
cle, as  in  the  Clydesdale  (Fig  116). 

In  the  horse,  whether  bred  for  the  saddle,  the  car- 
riage, or  for  heavy  draught  —  whether  we  desire 
slenderness  or  grace,  or  stoutness  and  strength,  it  is 
dense,  wiry  muscle  that  we  aim  at,  and  not  cellular 
tissue  and  fat ;  so  the  vital  system  has  been  dimin- 
ished so  far  as  health  and  the  necessary  capacity  for 
nutrition  will  permit.  Our  training  also  has  had  its 
influence,  developing  the  brain,  increasing  the  intelli- 


224  The  Temperaments. 

gence,  and  encouraging  the  nervous  or  mental  system. 
The  result  is  a  great  variety  of  constitutional  condi- 
tions, but  none  of  them  tending  to  a  complete  pre- 
ponderance of  the  nutritive  or  vital  system.  The 
Temperaments  in  the  domestic  horse  vary  from  the 
typical  Motive  or  Motive-Vital  of  the  wild  animal  to 
the  Nervous  or  Mental  in  the  Arabian  and  some  of 
his  grades. 

The  characteristics  of  the  different  Temperaments 
in  animals  are  similar  to  those  observed  in  man,  so 
far  as  the  difference  between  us  and  the  lower  animals 
permits  comparison.  In  the  Motive  Temperament 
there  are  always  large  bones,  strong,  dense,  wiry  mus- 
cles, and  a  configuration  strongly  marked  and  inclined 
to  angularity ;  in  the  Vital,  relatively  smaller  bones, 
more  plumpness  and  more  gracefully  rounded  forms ; 
in  the  Mental,  slenderness,  sharpness  of  outline,  and 
delicacy  and  fineness  of  texture. 

In  Fig.  118  we  have  the  Motive  Temperament  and 
a  headstrong,  combative,  obstinate,  and  unyielding 
disposition.  A  stronger  development  of  the  vital  and 
mental  systems  would  have  greatly  improved  hij 
temper  and  capacity.  Fig.  120  represents  such  a 
modification  and  a  high  degree  of  intelligence,  docil- 
ity, and  gentleness,  indicated  by  width  between  the 
eyes,  prominence  of  those  organs,  and  roundness  and 
elevation  between  and  above  them.  Figs.  117  and 
119  represent  the  Nervous  or  Mental  Temperament 
and  great  activity  and  intelligence;  but  Fig.  117  is 
timid,  restive,  and  excitable,  and  needs  coolness,  calm- 
ness, and  patience  in  his  management.  Fig.  119  is 
rather  sly,  cunning,  mischievous,  and  untrustworthy. 


FIG.   ISO.  nG-  "*• 

TEMPERAMENT     IN     HORSES. 
PLATE  LIU. 


Temper  anient  in  the  Lower  Animals.         225 

For  the  cart  or  dray,  and  for  cavalry  service,  the 
hard,  tough  muscles  and  powerful  organization  of  the 
Motive  Temperament  are  desirable,  but  there  should 
be  a  sufficient  development  of  the  Mental  system  to 
give  a  fair  degree  of  intelligence  and  enough  of  the 
Vital  to  insure  a  good  digestion  and  a  facility  to 
keep  in  good  flesh.  For  the  saddle  and  light  draught 
on  the  road,  we  want  more  of  the  mental  element  to 
give  slenderness,  grace,  and  ease  of  action.  A  good 
serviceable  family  horse,  for  all  kinds  of  work  and  for 
the  use  of  boys  and  women,  should  have  a  good  bal- 
ance of  temperamental  conditions  and  a  head  like 
Fig.  120. 

The  abnormal  condition  described  as  the  Lym- 
phatic Temperament  is  not  unknown  among  horses 
and  is  characterized  by  a  lazy,  sluggish  disposition 
and  an  entire  absence  of  the  pride,  spirit,  and  ambi- 
tion which  are  natural  to  the  well-constituted  and 
healthy  animal. 

A  certain  degree  of  development  of  the  vital  sys- 
tem, and  especially  of  the  sanguine  element,  repre- 
sented by  the  depth  and  breadth  of  the  chest,  are 
essential  in  every  horse  to  which  we  look  for  con- 
tinued labor,  whether  under  the  saddle,  in  the  light 
wagon,  buggy,  or  phaeton,  in  the  carriage,  or  for 
heavy  draught.  In  the  race-horse  alone,  there  may 
be  a  disproportionate  slenderness  of  body  and  length 
of  'limb,  inconsistent  with  long-continued  effort  or 
steady  labor. 

Horses  with  well-balanced  Temperaments  are  the 
most  healthy  and  long-lived,  and  will  do  the  greatest 
amount  of  work  with  the  least  outlay  of  strength,  as 


226  The  Temperaments. 

their  bodies,  limbs,  and  brains  are  in  harmony  with 
each  other,  and  perfect  symmetry  exists  throughout, 
conducive  of  ease  of  action,  as  well  as  evenness  of 
temper  and  a  gentle,  quiet  disposition. 

Some  of  the  points  of  a  horse,  as  they  are  more 
or  less  matters  of  Temperament,  will  not  be  out  of 
place  here : 

(i).  The  head  should  be  symmetrical  and  not  too 
large,  as  a  very  large  head  in  a  horse  generally  indi- 
cates thick,  heavy  bones  and  a  dull,  sluggish  consti- 
tution. There  should  be  a  good  forehead,  however, 
the  points  of  which  have  already  been  stated. 

(2).  The  ears  should  be  fine,  pointed,  and  erect. 
Horses  with  lopping  ears  are  not  necessarily  bad,  but 
they  are  apt  to  be  slow  and  dull. 

(3).  The  eyes  should  be  large  and  prominent  and 
the  eyelids  thin. 

(4).  The  nostrils  should  be  expansive.  They  are  in- 
dicative of  the  sanguine  element  of  the  constitution, 
of  breathing  power,  and  consequently  of  speed.  Nar- 
row nostrils  are  entirely  inconsistent  with  rapid 
movement. 

(5).  The  neck  should  be  of  medium  length  and 
somewhat  arched  or  convex. 

(6).  There  must  be  a  roomy  chest,  for  well-developed 
lungs  and  full  breathing  power;  but  where  speed  is 
required,  this  room  should  be  obtained  by  extension 
in  depth  rather  than  in  breadth,  as  a  broad  chest  sets 
the  fore  legs  too  far  apart  for  ease  of  action.  For 
heavy  draught,  the  chest  should  be  broad. 

(7).  The  back  should  be  elevated  at  the  withers,  as 
indicating  ease  of  action  in  the  fore  legs.     A  straight 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.         227 

back  indicates  strength ;  a  long  back  is  a  sign  of 
speed,  and  a  short  one  of  strength  and  endurance. 
The  latter  is  usually  associated  with  short  legs,  a 
round,  plump  body,  and  a  marked  combination  of  the 
Vital  and  Motive  Temperaments. 

(8).  The  ribs  should  be  well  curved,  so  that  the  sides 
shall  not  be  flat  and  the  body  narrow,  as  this  confor- 
mation indicates  deficient  vital  stamina  and  endur- 
ance. 

(9).  The  haunches  or  quarters  should  be  well  ex- 
panded in  every  direction,  as  they  indicate  the  power 
of  progression.  In  all  animals,  the  power  of  rapid 
motion  is  in  direct  relation  with  the  development  of 
the  posterior  extremities,  as  in  the  greyhound,  the 
deer,  and  the  antelope. 

(10).  All  the  limbs  should  be  symmetrical  and  in 
harmony  with  the  form  of  the  body  and  the  Temper- 
ament and  uses  of  the  animal. 

Always  examine  the  heads,  faces,  and  expressions 
of  animals  before  buying.  The  temperamental  and 
physiognomical  signs  are  as  applicable  to  them  as  to 
men. 

2.  Cattle  (Fig.  122). — In  cattle  and  other  animals  do- 
mesticated and  bred  mainly  for.the  production  of  human 
food,  the  effort  has  naturally  been  to  produce  an  adap- 
tation to  the  rapid  production  of  flesh,  together  with 
the  fatty  secretions  desired  as  articles  of  diet ;  and  as 
the  capacity  to  readily  assimilate  nourishment  depends 
upon  the  development  and  activity  of  the  digestive, 
respiratory,  and  circulatory  organs,  whose  seat  is  in 
the  great  cavities  of  the  trunk,  and  which  constitute 
the  Vital  system,  the  result   has  been  to  make  the 


.228  The  Temperaments. 

Vital  Temperament  almost  universal  among  animals 
of  this  class.  The  production  of  milk  in  the  cow  and 
of  wool  on  the  sheep  has,  however,  led  to  some  mod- 
ifications of  this  tendency. 

The  original  wild  stock  from  which  our  domestic 
cattle  are  derived,  is  still  to  be  found  pure  and  in  the 
natural  untamed  state  in  some  European  parks,  and 
descriptions  of  the  animal  show  that  there  is  a  much 
more  powerful  development  of  the  osseous  and  mus- 
cular systems  than  in  our  improved  domestic  breeds, 
though  in  other  respects  the  difference  is  not  very 
marked. 

We  may,  then,  set  down  the  Temperament  of  our 
domestic  cattle  as  generally  strongly  Vital,  modified 
in  some  breeds,  and  notably  in  the  Jersey,  by  a  large 
infusion  of  the  Mental  or  Nervous  element,  consti- 
tuting the  Vital-Mental,  and  in  the  half-wild  cattle 
of  the  Southwest  and  of  Florida  by  a  partial  return 
to  the  Vital-Motive  constitution  of  the  original  stock. 

In  the  case  of  the  Jersey  breed,  several  causes  have 
led  to  their  more  delicate  and  deer-like  nervous  con- 
stitution. In  the  first  place,  they  have  been  bred  for 
many  generations  exclusively  for  dairy  purposes,  the 
idea  of  beef  being  ignored,  or  at  least  made  entirely 
subservient  to  the  production  of  milk  and  butter. 
This  has  naturally  induced  breeders  to  disregard  the 
indications  of  the  flesh-forming  and  fat-producing 
qualities  in  favor  of  those  relating  to  milk  secretion  ; 
secondly,  the  custom  of  soiling,  or  feeding  in  stables  or 
small  yards,  generally  followed  in  the  Channel  Islands, 
allowing  the  animals  little  exercise,  has  further  dimin- 
ished both  the  vital  and  the  locomotive  systems,  while 


FIG.  128. — A  SHORT  HORN   BULL. 


FIG.  123.— SHEEP.  FIG.  124.— HOG. 

TEMPERAMENT     IN     DOMESTIC     ANIMALS. 


PLATE   UV. 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.         229 

it  has  increased  the  nervous;  and,  finally,  the  more 
perfectly  domesticated  condition  in  which  these  cattle 
are  kept,  the  closer  intimacy  between  them  and  their 
owners,  and  the  petting  to  which  they  are  subject, 
while  diminishing  their  vital  stamina,  have  increased 
their  nervous  tendencies  and  their  intelligence. 

The  indications  of  the  nervous  constitution  or 
Mental  Temperament  in  cattle  are  similar  to  those 
of  that  condition  in  the  horse — a  comparative  slim- 
ness  of  horns,  neck,  and  tail ;  a  clean,  well-cut  muz- 
zle ;  finely  modeled  limbs,  and  an  expression  of 
vivacity  and  intelligence. 

In  cattle  raised  principally  with  a  view  to  the  pro- 
duction of  flesh  and  fatty  tissue,  the  chest  should  be 
both  wide  and  deep,  the  trunk  capacious,  the  bones 
relatively  small,  and  the  limbs  tapering — in  other 
words,  the  Temperament  should  be  Vital. 

The  head  should  be  rather  small,  but  with  con- 
siderable frontal  development  and  breadth  between 
the  eyes,  these  being  indications  of  intelligence, 
amiability,  and  docility.  Great  breadth  of  head  is 
unfavorable,  as  a  sign  of  an  unruly  and  quarrelsome 
disposition ;  but  the  head  of  the  bull  is  naturally 
broader  than  that  of  the  cow,  and  any  approach  in 
the  latter  to  the  masculine  configuration  indicates  a 
deficient  capacity  for  producing  milk. 

The  horns  should  be  delicate  and  sharp  rather 
than  coarse  and  thick,  but  difference  of  breed  must 
be  taken  into  account  in  judging  of  their  character 
istics. 

A  short  neck,  another  characteristic  of  the  Vital 
Temperament,  is  a  good  point,  but  there  is  some- 


230  The  Temperaments. 

times  an  undue  shortness,  detracting  from  symmetry 
and  rendering  it  difficult  for  the  animal  to  feed  from 
the  ground. 

A  capacious  trunk  being  connected  with  a  strong 
vital  system  and  a  capacity  for  fattening,  the  ribs 
should  be  widely  arched,  rising  almost  horizontally 
from  the  spine,  and  then  bending  downward  with  a 
sweep,  producing  a  broad  back,  which  should  also  be 
nearly  straight.  Although  a  short,  compact  body  in- 
dicates robustness  and  capacity  to  fatten,  a  moderate 
length  is  desirable,  as  adding  to  the  weight  and  value 
of  the  animal. 

The  haunches  should  be  long  and  well  expanded 
in  every  direction,  as  they  add  largely  to  the  weight  of 
the  animal ;  and,  corresponding  with  the  width  of  the 
trunk,  both  the  fore  and  hinder  limbs  will  be  far  apart. 

Whether  in  the  side  view,  or  seen  from  behind,  the 
ox  or  the  cow,  and  still  more  the  bull,  should  present 
a  square  and  massive  aspect. 

The  skin  should  be  soft  to  the  touch,  have  an 
unctuous  feel,  and  be  well  covered  with  soft  hair. 

The  points  essential  to  the  milk-producing  ca- 
pacity are  connected  mainly  with  the  hinder  parts. 
The  loins  should  be  wide,  and  the  trunk  deep  from 
the  loins  to  the  mammae.  This  form  existing,  the 
more  a  cow  possesses  of  the  other  characteristics 
enumerated,  the  better  will  she  combine  milking  with 
fattening  qualities.  A  purely  dairy  cow  should  have 
a  soft  skin,  clear  eyes,  a  narrow,  elongated  head,  a 
good-sized  udder,  the  superficial  veins  near  which 
should  be  well  marked,  and  especially  what  is  called 
the  "  milk-vein." 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.        231 

We  copy  from  a  work  on  domestic  animals  the  fol- 
lowing complete  list  of  points,  from  which  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  results  of  observation  and  experience 
accord  with  those  we  have  deduced  from  physiologi- 
cal principles : 

(1).  The  nose  or  muzzle  in  the  Durhams  or  Short 
Horns  should  be  of  a  rich  cream-color.  In  the  Dev- 
on, Hereford,  and  Sussex  it  is  preferred  when  a  clear 
golden  color.    A  brown  or  dark  color  indicates  a  cross. 

(2).  The  forehead  should  be  neither  narrow  nor  very 
broad.  The  eye  should  be  prominent,  and  the  nostril 
between  the  eye  and  the  muzzle  thin,  particularly  in 
the  Devons. 

(3).  The  horns  should  be  small,  smooth,  tapering, 
and  sharp-pointed,  long  or  short,  according  to  the 
breed,  and  of  a  white  color  throughout  in  some 
breeds,  and  tipped  with  black  in  others.  The  shape 
is  less  essential  than  the  color. 

(4).  The  neck  should  be  of  medium  length,  full  at 
the  sides,  not  too  deep  in  the  throat,  and  should 
come  out  from  the  shoulders  nearly  on  a  level  with 
the  chine. 

(5).  The  top  of  the  plate  bones  should  not  be  too 
wide,  but,  rising  on  a  level  with  the  chine,  should  be 
well  thrown  back,  so  that  there  may  be  no  hollowness 
behind. 

(6).  The  shoulder-joint  should  lay  flat  with  the  ribs, 
without  any  projection. 

(7).  The  breast  should  be  wide  and  open,  projecting 
forward. 

(8).  The  chine  should  lay  straight,  and  be  well  cov- 
ered with  flesh. 


232  The   Temperaments. 

(9).  The  loin  should  be  flat  and  wide ;  almost  as 
wide  at  the  fore  as  the  hinder  part. 

(10).  The  hip-bones  should  be  wide  apart,  coming 
upon  a  level  with  the  chine  to  the  setting  of  the 
tail. 

(11).  The  tip  of  the  rump  should  be  tolerably  wide, 
so  that  the  tail  may  drop  to  a  level  between  the  two 
points ;  and  the  tail  should  come  out  broad. 

(12).  The  thigh  should  not  be  too  full  outside  nor 
behind ;  but  the  inside  or  twist  should  be  full. 

(L3).  The  back  should  be  flat  and  rather  thin.    . 

(14).  The  hind  leg  should  be  flat  and  thin ;  the  legs 
of  medium  length,  and  the  hock  rather  turning  out. 

(15).  The  feet  should  not  be  too  broad. 

(16).  The  flank  should  be  full  and  heavy  when  the 
animal  is  fat. 

(17).  The  belly  should  not  drop  below  the  breast, 
but  on  a  line  with  it. 

(18).  The  shoulder  should  be  rather  flat,  not  pro- 
jecting. 

(19).  The  fore-leg  should  also  be  flat  and  upright, 
but  not  fleshy. 

(20).  The  round  should  not  project,  but  be  flat  with 
the  outside  of  the  thigh. 

(21).  The  jaws  should  be  rather  wide. 

(22).  The  ribs  should  spring  nearly  horizontally 
from  the  chine  and  form  a  circle. 

(23).  The  skin  should  be  loose,  floating,  as  it  were, 
on  a  layer  of  soft  fat,  and  covered  with  thick,  glossy, 
soft  hair. 

(24).  The  expression  of  the  eye  and  face  should  be 
calm  and  complacent. 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.         233 

A  writer  in  the  Farmer  s  Magazine,  a  number  of 
years  ago,  described  what  are  properly  considered 
the  good  points  of  a  cow,  as  exhibited  in  the  Short 
Horn  breed,  in  the  following  doggerel  lines : 

She's  long  in  her  face,  she's  fine  in  her  horn  ; 
She'll  quickly  get  fat  without  cake  or  corn  ; 
She's  clean  in  her  jaws,  and  full  in  her  chine  ; 
She's  heavy  in  flank,  and  wide  in  her  loin  ; 
She's  broad  in  her  ribs,  and  long  in  her  rump ; 
She's  straight  in  her  back,  with  never  a  hump  ; 
She's  wide  in  her  hip,  and  calm  in  her  eyes ; 
She's  fine  in  her  shoulders,  and  thin  in  her  thighs  ; 
She's  light  in  her  neck,  and  small  in  her  tail ; 
She's  wide  in  her  breast,  and  good  at  the  pail ; 
She's  fine  in  her  bone,  and  silky  of  skin  ; 
She's  a  grazier's  without,  and  a  butcher's  within. 

3.  The  Sheep  (Fig.  123). — Little  need  be  said  of 
the  temperamental  characteristics  of  the  sheep,  ex- 
cept that  the  same  general  rules  apply  to  all  the 
different  breeds  as  those  we  have  given  for  cattle.  It 
is  the  Vital  Temperament  that  has  been  exclusively 
cultivated,  and  the  configuration  characteristic  of  that 
Temperament  rs  what  we  look  for  in  a  good  mutton 
sheep.  All  the  improved  breeds  possess  this,  though 
some  in  a  higher  degree  than  others.  The  South- 
Down  is  perhaps  the  best  mutton  sheep  in  the  world, 
so  far  at  least  as  the  quality  of  its  flesh  is  concerned. 

When  sheep  deteriorate,  as  they  are  sure  to  do 
under  neglect,  and  as  they  have  done  in  this  country 
and  elsewhere,  it  is  always  in  the  direction  of  the 
Motive  Temperament,  the  bones  becoming  larger, 
the  muscles  denser,  the  limbs  longer,  and  the  general 
configuration  more  angular  and  homely ;  and  this  is 


234  The  Temperaments. 

doubtless  an  imperfect  return  toward  the  original 
physical  character  of  the  species. 

4.  The  Hog  (Fig.  1 24). — Doubtless  the  natural  Tem- 
perament of  the  hog,  as  it  exists  in  a  wild  state,  is 
strongly  Vital,  though  the  muscular  and  osseous  sys- 
tems are  also  well  developed  and  the  character  of 
the  animal  energetic,  courageous,  and  fierce.  The 
results  of  breeding  in  domestication,  with  special 
reference  to  the  production  of  flesh,  and  especially 
of  fatty  tissue,  have  been  to  increase  the  natural 
vital  tendency  to  an  excess  known  in  no  other  do- 
mestic animal,  and  to  produce  what  we  must  con- 
sider an  abnormal  lymphatic  condition  inconsistent 
with  health. 

In  hogs  running  in  the  woods  and  making  their 
own  living  on  the  "  root  hog  or  die  "  principle,  as  at 
the  South,  there  is,  as  in  the  case  of  the  sheep,  a 
partial  return  to  the  native  wild  constitution,  in 
which  the  locomotive  system  gains  development  at 
the  expense  of  the  fat-forming  capacity.  The  flesh 
of  such  hogs  is  less  unwholesome  than  that  of  our 
improved  and  highly  fattened  animals*;  but  of  course 
there  are  big  streaks  of  "  lean  "  and  heavy  bones. 

"  There  is  evidently,"  the  Farmers  Cyclopedia  says, 
"much  diversity  in  swine  in  different  circumstances 
and  situations.  Like  other  descriptions  of  stock, 
they  should  be  selected  with  especial  reference  to  the 
nature  of  the  climate,  the  keep,  and  the  circum- 
stances of  the  management  under  which  the  farm  is 
conducted.  The  chief  points  to  be  consulted  in  judging 
of  the  breeds  of  this  animal  are  the  form  or  shape 
of  the  ear,  and  the  quality  of  the  hair.     The  pendu- 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.        23$ 

lous  or  lop  ear,  and  coarse,  harsh  hair,  are  commonly 
asserted  to  indicate  largeness  of  size  and  thickness  of 
skin ;  while  erect  or  prick  ears  show  the  size  to  be 
smaller,  but  the  animals  to  be  more  quick  in  feeding. 
"  In  the  selection  of  swine,  the  bes:  formed  are 
considered  to  be  those  which  are  not  too  long,  but 
full  in  the  head  and  cheek ;  thick  and  rather  short  in 
the  neck ;  fine  in  the  bone ;  thick,  plump,  and  com- 
pact in  the  carcass ;  full  in  the  quarters,  fine  and  thin 
in  the  hide ;  and  of  a  good  size  according  to  the 
breed,  with,  above  all,  a  kindly  disposition  to  fatten 
well  and  expeditiously  at  an  early  age.  Depth  of 
carcass,  lateral  extension,  breadth  of  the  loin  and 
breast,  proportionate  length,  moderate  shortness  of 
the  legs,  and  substance  of  the  gammons  and  fore- 
arms, are  therefore  absolute  essentials.  These  are 
qualities  to  produce  a  favorable  balance  in  the  ac- 
count of  keep,  and  a  mass  of  weight  which  will  pull 
the  scale  down.  In  proportion,  too,  as  the  animal  is 
capacious  in  the  loin  and  breast,  will  be  generally  the 
vigor  of  his  constitution ;  his  legs  will  be  thence 
properly  distended,  and  he  will  have  a  bold  and  firm 
footing  on  the  ground." 

5.  The  Dog  (Figs.  125-134). — The  dog  presents  a 
greater  variety  in  Temperament,  configuration,  and 
character  than  any  other  domestic  animal.  The  Mas- 
tiff, powerful  in  muscle,  tough,  hardy,  tenacious, 
watchful,  and  courageous,  illustrates  the  Motive  Tem- 
perament. The  Bull-dog  has  also  a  very  powerful  lo- 
comotive system,  but  it  is  modified  in  him  by  a  greater 
development  of  the  vital  system,  giving  the  Motive- 
Vital  Temperament  and  a  fierce,  indomitable,  and 


2  $6  The  Temperaments, 

implacable  disposition.  In  the  Shepherd's  dog  we  have 
a  fine  example  of  the  Mental  or  Nervous  Temperament. 
A  strictly  Vital  Temperament  is  not,  we  believe,  a 
natural  condition  in  the  dog,  or  in  any  other  purely 
carnivorous  animal,  but  is  often  superinduced  in  do- 
mestication, in  any  breed  of  a  conformation  favorable 
to  the  production  of  flesh  and  fatty  tissue. 

The  races  of  domestic  dogs  have  been  arranged  in 
three  groups,  as  follows : 

(i).  The  Lyciscan,  or  wolf-like  Group  ; 

(2).  The  Vertragral,  or  swift-footed  Group ; 

(3).  The  Molossian,  or  Mastiff  Group ;  and 

(4).  The  Indigator,  or  scent-following  Group. 

(1).  The  Lyciscan  Group  of  dogs  comprises  those 
races  which  inhabit  the  northern  glacial  regions  and 
bear  a  general  resemblance  to  the  wolf.  They  are, 
as  a  group,  considered  the  least  removed  from  the 
natural  state  and  have  a  strong  preponderance  of 
the  osseous  and  muscular  systems,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  Motive  Temperament.  They  are,  in  many  cases, 
used  as  draught  animals  and  drag  heavy  sledges  over 
the  snow  and  ice  of  the  frozen  regions  they  inhabit. 
They  are  generally  fierce,  treacherous,  and  vindictive, 
and  their  power  of  endurance  is  wonderful. 

Savage  and  intractable  as  are  the  wolf-like  dogs 
of  the  Esquimaux  and  the  Laplanders  (Fig.  131),  we 
have  before  us  positive  proof  that  these  animals  are 
susceptible  of  high  culture  and  the  development  of 
some  of  the  noblest  qualities  of  the  canine  genus. 
The  Shepherd's  dog  (Figs.  126  and  129)  clearly  ref- 
erable to  this  class,  is  now  a  gentle,  docile,  faithful, 
and  (in  the  discharge  of  his  peculiar  functions)  won- 


fr^    *iil:J    /     j      ,Vr      " 


FIG.  133. — SPANIEL 


FIG.  135. 


TEMPERAMENT     IN     DOGS. 

PLATE    LV. 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.         237 

derfully  sagacious  animal.  The  wolf-like  head,  in  its 
general  outlines,  is  still  observable,  but  so  softened, 
refined,  and  elevated  as  to  give  it  an  entirely  differ- 
ent expression  and  signification.  The  Temperament 
is  no  longer  Bilious-Motive,  but  Mental ;  and  the 
ferocity  of  the  savage  has  given  place  to  the  patient 
devotion  of  the  servant  and  friend  of  man.  Wonder- 
ful instances  of  their  faithfulness  and  intelligence  are 
on  record. 

The  noble  and  sagacious  Newfoundland  dog  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  cross  between  an  Esquimaux  Lyciscan 
dog  and  some  large  English  breed,  probably  the 
Mastiff. 

(2).  Of  the  Vertragral  Group  the  lithe  and  graceful 
Greyhound  is  the  type.  This  dog  varies  much  in 
external  characteristics,  depending  upon  the  circum- 
stances under  which  he  is  reared  and  the  manner 
in  which  he  is  employed.  Formerly,  having  been 
habituated  for  generations  to  hunt  the  stag  and 
other  large  animals,  he  was  larger  in  stature  and  far 
more  muscular  than  he  is  now  generally  seen,  es- 
pecially when  reared  in  dwellings,  as  a  pet.  His 
natural  characteristics  fitted  him  to  follow  his  prey 
by  sight  rather  than  scent  and  overtake  it  by  his 
great  speed  of  foot.  His  Temperament,  under  nor- 
mal conditions,  is  the  Motive. 

(3).  The  Molossian  Group  comprises  the  larger  and 
fiercer  kinds  of  dogs,  of  which  the  Mastiff  is  the  type. 
This  animal  is  extremely  powerful  and  very  fierce, 
but  docile  and  sagacious  in  the  highest  degree.  He 
is  by  hereditary  endowment  a  watch-dog  and  most 
vigilantly  and  faithfully  does  he  perform  his  duty 


238  The   Temperaments. 

He  is  not  blood-thirsty,  and,  unless  trained  to  mur- 
der, is  as  forbearing  as  his  duty  to  his  master  will 
permit.  For  the  thief  or  unlawful  intruder  there  is 
no  escape,  but  if  he  make  no  resistance,  the  dog  will 
not  harm  him.  He  is  slow  to  anger  and  submits 
patiently  to  the  teasing  of  children  or  of  other  and 
smaller  dogs. 

The  great  St.  Bernard  dog. (Fig.  132)  belongs  to 
this  group  and  is  one  of  the  noblest  and  most  intel- 
ligent of  all  dogs.  His  head  is  finely  developed  and 
his  expression  full  of  benignity.  The  Temperament 
may  be  called  Motive-Mental. 

(4).  The  Indigator  Group  embraces  the  true  hounds 
(Fig.  134),  and  other  scent-following  hunting  dogs,  in- 
cluding the  Pointer  (Fig.  130),  Setter,  Spaniel  (Fig. 
133),  and  Terrier.  These  races,  though  classed  together 
on  account  of  that  quality  of  keen  scent  which  makes 
them  so  valuable  as  hunting  dogs,  are  widely  differ- 
ent from  each  other  in  configuration  and  Tempera- 
ment, and  consequently  in  disposition  and  intelli- 
gence. The  Spaniel  is  the  most  intelligent  of  them 
all,  and  the  most  docile  and  affectionate.  "  It  will 
never  turn  against  its  master,  but  lick  the  hand  that 
chastises  it.  Even  the  Arabs  find  an  excuse  for  fond- 
ling the  Spaniel,  asserting  that  it  is  not  a  dog."  The 
Spaniel  has  been  largely  mixed  in  blood  with  other 
races,  and  many  dogs  bear  the  name  which  have  lit- 
tle if  any  of  the  Spaniel  blood. 

6.  The  Cat  (Fig.  135). — Like  the  tiger,  the  leopard, 
and  other  members  of  the  genus  Felis,  the  cat  has 
naturally  the  Bilious-Motive  Temperament,  and  the 
hard,  cruel,  treacherous  character  associated  with  this 


Temperament  in  the  Lower  Animals.        239 

constitution  in  animals ;  but  domestication  and  close 
intimacy,  for  centuries,  with  the  human  race,  together 
with  a  partial  change  of  diet,  have  modified  to  a 
limited  extent  its  constitution,  disposition,  and  habits, 
giving  it  often  a  Vital  predominance  and  an  amiable 
and  ordinarily  gentle  disposition,  accompanied  with 
considerable  intelligence  and  docility.  It  returns 
with  great  facility,  however,  to  its  wild  habits,  and 
its  cautious,  secretive,  and  destructive  instincts  are 
readily  awakened. 


A  GREAT  BOOK  FOR  YOUNG  PEOPLE. 

"CHOICE  OF  PUESUITS;  or,  What  to  Do  and  Why," 

Describing  Seventy-five  Trades  and  Professions,  and  the  Temperaments 
and  Talents  required  for  each ;  With  Portraits  and  Biographies  of  many 
successful  Thinkers  and  Workers.  By  Nelson  Sizer,  President  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Phrenology;  author  of  "Forty  Years  in  Phre- 
nology;'' "  How  To  Teach  According  to  Temperament  and  Mental  De- 
velopment," etc.     Price,  $1.50. 

This  work,  "  Choice  of  Pursuits,''  fills  a  place  attempted  by  no  other. 
Whoever  has  to  earn  a  living  by  labor  of  head  or  of  hand  can  not  afford  to 
do  without  it. 

NOTICES  OF  THE   PRESS. 

"  '  Choice  op  Pursuits;  or,  What  to  Do  and  Why,"  is  the  title  of  a  remarkable 
book.  The  author  has  attained  a  deserved  eminence  as  a  phrenological  delin- 
eator of  character.  We  have  given  it  a  careful  reading  and  feel  warranted  in 
saying  that  it  is  a  book  calculated  to  do  a  vast  deal  of  good." — Boston  Common- 
wealth. 

"It  presents  many  judicious  counsels  for  the  conduct  of  life.  The  main  pur- 
pose of  the  writer  is  to  prevent  mistakes  in  the  choice  of  a  profession.  His  re- 
marks on  the  different  trades  are  often  highly  original.  The  tendency  of  this 
volume  is  to  increase  the  reader's  respect  for  human  nature."  --New  York 
Tribune. 

"  The  design  of  this  book  is  to  indicate  to  every  man  his  own  proper  work,  and 
to  educate  him  for  it.  The  author's  observations  are  sound."— Albany  Evening 
Journal. 

"We  like  this  book;  we  wish  people  would  read  it;  we  wish  editors  and  preachers 
weuld  read  it.  One  very  great  evil  which  this  book  is  well  calculated  to  mitigate 
is  the  tumbling  of  people  into  pursuits  for  which  they  have  no  gifts.  The  hints 
are  many  and  really  valuable.11 — Newark  Daily  Journal. 

The  most  important  step  in  life  is  the  selecting  of  the  pursuit  for  which 
one's  faculties,  temperaments,  and  education  best  adapt  him.  The  young 
man  or  woman  who  makes  the  right  selection  is  guaranteed  thereby  a 
happy  and  successful  career.  What  a  contrast  between  one  who  has  se- 
lected rightly  and  one  who  has  not;  one  is  a  blessing  to  himself,  his  family, 
and  the  world;  the  other,  either  a  machine-like  workman,  having  no  inter- 
est in  what  he  is  doing,  or  is  a  load  to  his  friends  and  a  burden  on  the 
community.  Many  people  with  talents,  the  exercise  of  which  would  place 
them  in  the  front  rank  of  some  of  the  higher  callings,  are  living  in  ob- 
scurity, filling  some  menial  place,  which  they  dropped  into  by  chance  or 
accident,  ignorant  of  the  talents  with  which  God  has  endowed  them.  Let. 
every  man,  woman,  and  youth  read  this  book  and  profit  by  it,  and  under- 
take only  that  which  they  can  do  best. 

The  author  was  fully  qualified  for  his  task,  having  been  engaged 
wholly  and  actively  as  editor  and  lecturer,  and  in  the  practical  application 
of  mental  science  to  every-day  life  for  forty  years,  affording  opportunities 
for  making  the  fullest  observations  and  original  investigations  on  the  hu- 
man mind  and  its  capacity. 

The  book  is  handsomely  bound  in  extra  muslin,  with  gilt  and  ink 
stamps.    Price,  by  mail,  postpaid,  $1.50.        Address 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO.,  Publishers,   775  Broadway,  New  York. 


NEW     PHYSIOGNOMY 


OR,  SIGNS  OF  CHARACTER. 

As  manifested  in  Temperament  and  External  Forms,  and  especially 
in  the  Human  Face  Divine.       By  SAMUEL  R.  WELLS. 

A  comprehensive,  thorough,  and  practical  work,  in 
•which  all  that  is  known  on  the  subject  is  Systemized, 
Explained,  Illustrated,  and  Applied.  Physiognomy  is 
shown  to  be  no  mere  fanciful  speculation,  but  a  con- 
sistent and  well-considered  system  of  Character-read- 
ing, based  on  the  established  truths  of  Physiology  and 
Phrenology,  and  confirmed  by  Ethnology,  as  well  as 
by  the  peculiarities  of  individuals.  It  is  no  abstraction, 
but  something  to  be  made  useful;  something  to  be 
practiced  by  everybody  and  in  all  places,  and  made  an 
efficient  help  in  that  noblest  of  all  studies— Man.  It  is  readily  understood 
and  as  readily  applied.  The  following  are  some  of  the  leading  topics  dis- 
cussed and  explained  : 


Previous  Systems  given,  including 
those  of  all  ancient  and  modern  writers. 

General  Principle*  of  Physiognomy,  or 
the  Physiological  laws  on  which  character- 
reading  is  and  must  be  based. 

Temper anient ». — The  Ancient  Doctrines 
— Spurzheim's  Description— The  new  Clas- 
sification now  in  use. 

Practical  Physiognomy. — G  e  n  e  r  a  1 
Forms  of  Faces — The  Eyes,  the  Mouth,  the 
Nose,  the  Chin,  the  Jaws  and  Teeth,  the 
Cheeks,  the  Forehead,  the  Hair  and  Beard, 
the  Complexion,  the  Neck  and  Ears,  the 
Hands  and  Feet,  the  Voice,  the  Walk,  the 
Laugh,  the  Mode  of  Shaking  Hands,  Dress, 
etc.,  with  illustrations. 

JSthnology, — The  Races,  including  the 
Caucasian,  the  North  American  Indians, 
the  Mongolian,  the  Malay,  and  the  African, 
with  their  numerous  subdivisions ;  also 
National  Types,  each  illustrated. 


Physiognomy  Applied— To  Marriage, 
to  training  Children,  to  Personal  Improve- 
ment, to  Business,  t i  Insanity  and*  Idiocy, 
to  Health  and  Disease,  to  Classes  and  Pro- 
fessions, and  to  Character-Reading  gen- 
erally.   Utility  of  Physiognomy. 

Animal  Types. — Grades  of  Intelligence, 
Instinct,  and  Reason— Animal  Heads  and 
Animal  Types  among  Men. 

Graphomancy >. — Character  revealed  in 
Hand- writing,  with  Specimens— Palmistry. 
M  Lineof  Life  "  in  the  human  hand. 

Character-Reading: — More  than  a  hun- 
dred noted  Men  and  Women  introduced — 
What  Physiognomy  says  of  them. 

The  Great  Secret.— How  to  be  Healthy 
and  How  to  be  Beautiful— Mental  Cosmet- 
ics—very interesting,  very  useful. 

Aristotle  and  St.  Paul.-  -A  Model  Head 
—Views  of  Life— Illustrative  Anecdotes- 
Detecting  a  Rogue  by  his  Face. 


No  one  can  read  this  Book  without  interest,  without  real  profit.  "  Knowl- 
edge is  power,''  and  this  is  emphatically  true  of  a  knowledge  of  men— of 
human  character.  He  who  has  it  is  "master  of  the  situation;"  and  anybody 
may  have  it  who  will,  and  find  in  it  the  "  secret  of  success ''  and  the  road  to 
the' largest  personal  improvement. 

Price,  in  one  large  Volume,  of  nearly  800  pages,  and  more. than 
gravings,  on  toned  paper,  handsomely  bound  in  embossed  muslin,  $5 
calf,  marbled  edges,  $8;  Turkey  morocco,  full  gilt,  $10. 

Agents  do  well  canvassing  for  this  work.    Address 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO.,  Publishers,  775  Broadway,  New  York. 


1,000  en- 
in  heavy 


HOW  TO  LEARN  PHRENOLOGY. 


We  are  frequently  asked:  In  what  way  can  a  practical  knowledge  of 
Phrenology  be  obtained?  In  answering  this  we  must  say,  that  the  best 
results  can  be  obtained  by  taking  a  thorough  course  of  instruction  at  the 
American  Institute  of  Phrenology;  but  where  this  is  not  practical,  the 
published  textbooks  on  the  subject  should  be  carefully  studied.  To  meet 
the  wants  of  those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  subject  personally  and  become 
familiar  with  the  application  of  the  subject  to  the  various  sides  of  life,  we 
have  ai  ranged  the  following  list  of  books,  called 


THE    STUDENT'S    SET 


Brain. and  Mind;  or,  Mental  Sci- 
ence Considered  in  Accordance 
with  the  Principles  of  Phrenology 
and  in  Relation  to  Modern  Physi- 
ology. Illustrated.  By  H.  S. 
Drayton,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  and  Tas. 
McNiel,  A.  M.    $1.50. 

Forty  Years  in  Phrenology;  Em- 
bracing Recollections  of  History, 
Anecdotes,  and  Experience.®  1.5b. 

How  to  Read  Character.    A  New 

Illustrated  Handbook  of  Phre- 
nology and  Physiognomy,  for  stu- 
dents and  examiners,  with  a  Chart 
for  recording  the  sizes  of  the 
different  organs  of  the  brain  in 
the  delineation  of  character;  with 
apward  of  one  hundred  and 
seventy  engravings.    $1.25. 

Popular  Physiology.  A  Familiar 
Exposition  of  the  Structures, 
Functions,  and  Relations  of  the 
Human  System  and  the  preser- 
vation of  health.    $1.00. 

The  Phrenological  Bust,  show- 
ing the  location  of  each  of  the 
Organs.    Large  size.    $1.00. 


New  Physiognomy;  or,  Signs  of 
Character,  as  manifested  through 
temperament  and  external  forms, 
and  especially  in  the  "  Human 
Face  Divine.'  With  more  than 
one  thousand  illustrations.   $5.00. 

Choice  of  Pursuits ;  or,  What  to 
do  and  Why.  Describing  seventy- 
five  trades  and  professions,  and 
the  temperaments  and  talents 
required  for  each.  Also,  how  to 
educate  on  phrenological  princi- 
ples— each  man  for  his  proper 
work;  together  with  portraits  and 
biographies  of  many  successful 
thinkers  and  workers.  $1.75. 

Constitution  of  Man;  Considered 
in  relation  to  external  objects. 
The  only  authorized  American 
edition.  With  twenty  engravings 
and  a  portrait  of  the  author.  $1.25. 

Heads  and  Faces  and  How  to 

study  them.  A  manual  of  Phre- 
nology and  physiognomy  for  the 
people.  By  Nelson  Sizer  and 
H.  S.  Drayton.    Oct.,  paper,4oc. 


This  list  is  commended  to  those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  subject  at  home, 
and  to  those  who  propose  to  attend  the  Institute. 

Either  of  the  above  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  price,  or  the  complete 
"  Student's  Set,"  amounting  to  $14.65,  will  be  sent  by  express  for 
$10.00.    Address, 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO,  Publishers,  775  Broadway.  New  Tort 


BRiLIHT  and  XXIOT); 

OR, 

MENTAL    SCIENCE    CONSIDERED    IN    ACCORDANCE 
WITH   THE   PRINCIPLES  OF   PHRENOLOGY, 

AHD 

IN  RELATION  TO  MODERN   PHYSIOLOGY. 

iy  Henry  S.  Drayton,  A.M.,  M.D.,  and  James  McNeill,  A.B.    Illustra 
ted  with  over  ioo  Portraits  and  Diagrams.    i2mo,  extra  cloth,  $1.50. 

This  contribution  to  the  science  of  mind  has  been  made  in  response  to  the  demand 
af  the  time  for  a  work  embodying  the  grand  principles  of  Phrenology,  as  they  are 
understood  and  applied  to-day  by  the  advanced  exponents  of  mental  philosophy ,  whc 
iccept  the  doctrine  taught  by  Gall,  Spurzheim,  and  Combe. 

The  following,  from  the  Table  of  Contents,  shows  the  scope  of  the  work : 

Oeneral  Principles;  Of  the  Temperaments  ;  Structure  of  the  Brain  and  Skull; 
Classification  of  the  Faculties  ;  The  Selfish  Organs  ;  The  Intellect ;  The 
Semi- Intellectual  Faculties ;  The  Organs  of  the  Social  Functions  ;  The 
Selfish  Sentiments;  The  Moral  and  Religious  Sentiments;  How  to  Ex- 
amine Heads ;  How  Character  is  Manifested  ;  The  Action  of  the  Facul- 
ties ;  The  Relation  of  Phrenology  to  Metaphysics  and  Education  ;  Value 
of  Phrenology  as  an  Art ;  Phrenology  and  Physiology  ;  Objections  and 
Confirmations  by  the  Physiologists ;  Phrenology  in  General  Literature. 


NOTICES    03F 

"  Phrenology  Vs  no  longer  a  thing  laugh- 
ed at.  The  scientific  researches  of  the 
fc  st  twenty  years  have  demonstrated  the 
Itaiful  and  wonderful  complication  of 
1  alter,  not  only  with  mind,  but  with 
«  hj  t  we  call  moral  qualities.  Thereby, 
we  believe,  the  divine  origin  of  *our 
fiarne'  has  been  newly  illustrated,  and 
the  Scriptural  psychology  confirmed  ;  and 
in  the  Phrenological  Chart  we  are  dispos- 
ed to  find  a  species  of  4urim  and  thum- 
mim,'  revealing,  if  not  the  Creator's  will 
concerning  us,  at  least  His  revelation  of 
essential  character.  The  above  work  is, 
without  doubt,  the  best  popular  presenta- 
tion of  the  science  which  has  yet  been 
made.  It  confines  itself  strictly  to  facts, 
and  is  not  written  in  the  interest  of  any 

Cet  •  theory.'     It  is  made  very  interesting 
y  its  copious  illustrations,  pictorial  and 


T3E3E3E   3P3EUBSS. 

"  Whether  a  reader  be  inclined  to  be- 
lieve  Phrenology  or  not,  he  must  find  the 
volume  a  mine  of  .nte~«st,  gather  many 
suggestions  of  the  highest  value,  and  rise 
from  its  perusal  with  clearer  views  of  the 
nature  of  mind  and  the  responsibilities  of 
human  life.  The  work  constitutes  a  com- 
plete text-book  on  the  subject."— Presby* 
terian  Journal,  Philadelphia. 

44  In  '  Brain  and  Mind '  the  reader  will 
find  the  fundamental  ideas  on  which  Phre- 
nology rests  fully  set  forth  and  analyzed, 
and  the  science  clearly  and  practically 
treated.  It  is  not  at  all  necessary  for  the 
reader  to  be  a  believer  in  the  science  to 
enjoy  the  study  of  the  latest  exposition  of 
Its  methods.  The  literature  of  the  science 
is  extensive,  but  so  far  as  we  know  there 
is  no  one  book  which  so  comprehensively 
as  4  Brain  and  Mind  '  defines  its  limits  and 


narrative,  and  the  whole  is  brought  down  \  treats  of  its  principles  so  thoroughly,  not 
to  the  latest  information  on  this  curious  j  alone  philosophically,  but  also   in   rt 
of    knowl 
TV*.  Y. 


their 


practical  relation  to  the  everyday  life  of 
man." — Col.  Advertiser. 


and    suggestive    department 
Qdza.*— Christian  Intelligencer 

In  ityle  und  treatment  it  is  adapted  to  the  general  reader,  abounds  with  valuable  in 
struction  CTpressed  in  clear,  practical  terms,  and  the  work  constitutes  by  far  the  best 
Text-book  on  Phrenology  published,  and  is  adapted  to  both  private  and  class  study. 

The  illustrations  of  the  Special  Organs  and  Faculties  are  for  the  most  part  from 
portraits  of  men  and  women  whose  characters  are  known,  and  great  pains  have  been 
aken  to  exemplify  with  accuracy  the  significance  of  the  text  in  each  case.  For  the 
student  of  mind  and  character  the  work  is  of  the  highest  value.  By  mail,  post 
oaid.  on  receipt  of  price,  $1.50.     Address, 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO  .  Publishers,  775 Broadway,  N.  Y 


Should  We  Marry? 

are  we  well-matee  ? 


The  most  important  question  in  connection  with  marriage  should  be 
in  regard  to  mutual  adaptation,  physically,  mentally  and  morally. 
Phrenology  explains  this,  and  therefore  should  be  consulted.  There 
are  many  works  on  the  subject  that  can  be  read  profitably  by  all,  1  ut 
the  best  work  specially  relating  to  this  is 

WEDLOCK; 

Or,  The  Relation  of  the  Sexes. 

A  Scientific  Treatise  Disclosing  the  Laws  of  Conjugal  Selection  and 
Prenatal  Influences,  also  Showing  Who  Ought  and  Who  Ought 
Not  to  Marry.  By  Samuel  R.  Wells,  author  of  "New  Physiog- 
nomy,"   "How    to   Read   Character,"  etc.     $1.50;  fancy  gilt,  $2. 

To  show  something  of  the  character  of  this  work,  we  copy  the  following  from 
the  table  of  CONTENTS: 


Qualifications  for  Matrimony  ;  The  Right 
Age  to  Marry  ;  Motives  tor  Marrying- ;  Mar- 
riages of  Consanguinity — of  Cousins— when 
Justifiable  ;  Affinities  ;  Courtship  —  Long 
or  Short  ;  Duty  of  Parents  ;  Ethics  of  Mar- 
riage ;  Second  Marriages— are  they  Admis- 
sible; Jealousy— lts^  Causes  and  Cure; 
(hounds  for  Separation  and  Divorce  ;  Celi- 
bacy—Ancient and  Modern  ;  Polygamy  and 
Pantagamy ;  Love  Signs  in  the  Features, 
and  How  to  Read  Them  by  Phycsiognoiny; 
Sensible  Love  Letters— Illustrious  Exam- 
ples; The  Model  Husband  and  the  Model 
Wife;  What  Constitutes  a  True  Marriage  ; 
The  Poetry  of  Love  ;  Courtship  and  Mar- 
riage; Development  and  Renewal  of  the  So- 
cial Affections  ;  Inordinate  Affection  ;  Ad- 
miration not  Love;  Addresses  Declined, 
How  to  Do  It;  Matrimonial  Bargains  ;  True 
Beauty;  Celibacy  and  Health  :  Law  of  Con- 
jugal Selection  ;  Conjugal  Resemblances  of 
Husbands  and  Wives;  Pleasure  of  Court- 
ship; Confidence  in  Love  ;  Woman's  Con- 
stancy ;  Laws  and  Remedy  for  Divorce  ; 
Etiquette  of  Long  Engagements  ;  Falling 
in  Love;  Whom  Great  Men  Marry;  Girls  of 


the  Period;  How  to  Win  Love;  Honeymoon; 
Mutual  Help;  Conjugal  Harmony;  Hotel 
and  Club  Life  ;  Terrible  Effects  of  Morbid 
Jealousy;  Juliet's  Confession  ;  Kisses;  De- 
clamations of  Love  ;  Romantic  Love;  Se- 
cond Love;  Is  Love  Unchangeable?  Should 
Parents  Interfere  ?  Early  Marriage  among 
the  Ancients;  Motives  for  it;  Marriage 
Customs;  Marriage  Defined;  Its  Legal  As- 
pects; Marriage  Ceremonies;  Health  and 
Marriage;  Hasty  Marriages;  Marriage 
Maxims;  Marrying  for  a  Home,  for  Money, 
for  Love,  for  Beauty;  Right  Motive  for 
Marrying;  Advice  to  the  Married;  Matri- 
monial Fidelity:  Legal  Rights  of  Married 
Women;  The  Mormon  System;  Man's  Re- 
quirements; The  Maiden's  Choice;  Letters 
of  Napoleon;  When  to  Pop  the  Question; 
Meddling  Relatives;  Step-mothers;  The 
Shakers;  Singleness;  Temptations  of  the 
Unmarriel;  Hereditary  Taints:  Tempera- 
ments; May  Women  Make  Love;  Lesson  for 
Wives;  Wedding  Gifts;  Plain  Talk  with  a 
Young  Man;  Soliloquy  of  a  Young  Lady, 
and  much  more,  covering  the  whole  ground 
of  Marriage. 


Is  handsomely  printed  and  beautifully  bound.     Copies  will  be  sent    post 
paid  on  receipt  of  price,  $1.50  ;  full  Gilt  edges,  $2.00.      Address, 

FOWLER  &  WELLS   CO.,    Publishers,  775  Broadway,]  New  V  >rk. 


[Portraits  from  Life,  in  "Heads  and  Faces."] 


HUMAN-NATURE 


If  you  want  something  to  read  that  will  interest  you  more  thoroughly  than 
any  book  you  have  ever  read,  send  for  a  copy  of  Heads  and  Faces,  a  new  Man- 
ual of  Character  Reading  for  the  people.  It  will  show  you  how  to  read  people  as 
you  would  a  book,  and  see  if  they  are  inclined  to  be  good,  upright,  honest,  true, 
kind,  charitable,  loving,  joyous,  happy  and  trustworthy  people,  such  as  you  would 
like  to  know;  or  are  they  by  nature  untrustworthy,  treacherous  and  cruel,  unchar- 
itable and  hard-hearted,  fault-finding,  jealous,  domineering  people  whom  you 
would  not  want  to  have  intimate  with  yourselves  or  your  families. 

A  knowledge  of  Human-Nature  will  enable  you  to  judge  of  all  this  at  sight, 
and  to  choose  for  yourselves  and  children  such  companions  as  will  tend  to  make 
you  and  them  better,  purer,  more  noble  and  ambitious  to  do  and  to  be  right,  and 
would  save  many  disappointments  in  social  and  business  relations.  It  will  aid  in 
choosing  and  governing  servants,  training  children,  and  deciding  whom  to  trust 
in  all  the  affairs  of  life.  If  you  would  know  people  without  waiting  to  become 
acquainted  with  them,  read  Heads  and  Faces  and  How  to  Study  Them,  a  new 
manual  of  Character  Reading,  by  Prof.  Nelson  Sizer,  the  Examiner  in  the  phreno- 
logical office  of  Fowler  &  Wells  Co.,  New  York,  and  H.  S.  Drayton,  M.  D.,  Edi- 
tor of  the  Phrenological  Journal.  The  authors  know  what  they  are  writing 
about,  Prof.  Sizer  having  devoted  more  than  forty  years  almost  exclusively  to 
the  reading  of  character  and  he  here  lays  down  the  rules  employed  by  him  in  his  ] 
professional  work. 

The  study  of  this  subject  is  most  fascinating,  and  you  will  certainly  be  much 
interested  in  it.  Send  for  this  book,  which  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  popu- 
lar work  ever  published  for  the  price,  25,000  copies  having  been  sold  the  first 
year.     Contains  200  large  octavo  pages,  250  Portraits  and  other  Illustrations. 

We  will  send  it  carefully  by  mail,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  only  40  cents 
in  paper,  or  $1.00  in  cloth  binding.     Address 

Fowler  &  Wells  Co.,   Publishers,  775  Broadway,  New  York. 


HUMAN  NATURE  LIBRARY, 

DEVOTED.    TO    WHAT     MOST     CONCERNS 

BODY     AND     MIND. 

In  this  new  serial  will  be  published  comprehensive  papers  on  various 
subjects  relating  to  the  STUDY  OF  HUMAN  NATURE  and  the  devel- 
opment of  character.  Each  number  is  complete  in  itself  and  devoted  to  a 
single  subject. 

No.  i,  April,  1887.  Self-Reliance  or  Self-Esteem  as  an  element  in 
Human  Character,  its  uses  and  culture,  how  to  cultivate  or  restrain  it  in 
ourselves  or  others,  and  how  to  deal  with  people  who  have  it  either  large 
or  small.     Illustrated.     By  Prof.  Nelson  Sizer. 

No.  2,  July,  1887.  Phrenology;  its  principles,  proofs,  etc.  A  Lecture 
by  Prof.  J.  F.  Tracey.  The  principles  of  Phrenology  carefully  consid- 
ered with  the  influence  of  heredity  and  culture,  containing  20  illustrations. 

No.  3,  Oct.,  1887.  Physical  Factors  in  Character,  or  the  Influence 
of  Temperament,  by  H.  S.  Drayton,  M.  D.,  in  which  will  be  found  an 
analysis  of  many  well-known  characters  of  the  past  and  present;  fully 
illustrated. 

No.  4,  Jan.,  1888.  The  Choice  of  Occupation,  or  my  Right  Place  in 
Life,  and  How  to  Find  it,  by  Nelson  Sizer,  who  has  dev  Jted  his  life  to  the 
study  of  chai acter  and  its  application  to  the  practical  affairs  of  life. 

No.  5,  April,  1888.  The  Servant  Question.  Hints  on  the  Choosing 
and  Management  of  Servants,  by  H.  S.  Drayton.  Giving  very  definite 
suggestions  as  to  Judging  their  Character  by  the  form  of  the  Head  and 
Face,  and  how  to  deal  with  them  considering  their  peculiarities  of  dis- 
position and  character,  with  illustrations. 

No.  6,  July,  1888.  Inventive  Genius;  or  Consiructiveness  the  Basis 
of  Civilization  and  progress,  and  the  characteristics  which  moved  and  sus- 
tained the  world's  greatest  inventors  in  their  efforts  and  success.  By 
Prof.  Nelson   Sizer. 

No.  7,  Oct.,  1888.  Integrity  or  Conscientiousness— Its  Nature,  and 
its  Influence  defined.  Its  various  manifestations  in  everyday  life,  showing 
causes  of  difference  of  views  and  opinions.     By  H.  S.  Drayton,  M.  D. 

No.  8,  Dec,  1888.  Who  Should  Marry;  Right  Selection  in  Marriage. 
The  How  and  the  Why.  In  this  is  shown  what  temperaments  and  mental 
characteristics  should  unite  in  wedlock;  fully  illustrated,  by  Nelson  Sizer. 

Subscription  Price,  30c.  for  four  Nos.,  or  10c.  each 
by  mail,  postpaid.    Address 

Fowler  &  Wells  Co.,  Publishers,  775  Broadway,  N.   Y. 


Olaoloe  of  Pireiaxlxusxa. 


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THE 


PHRENOLOGICAL  JOURNAL 

Is  widely  known  in  America  and  Europe,  having  been  before  the  reading  world  fifty  years, 
and  occupying  a  place  in  literature  exclusively  its  own,  vis.,  the  study  of  Human  Nature 
in  all  its  phases,  including  Phrenology,  Physiognomy,  Ethnology,  Physiology,  etc.,  to- 
gether with  the  •*  Science  of  Health,"  and  no  expense  will  be  spared  to  make  it  the 
best  publication  for  general  circulation,  tending  always  to  make  men  better  physically, 
mentally,  and  morally.  Parents  and  teachers  should  read  the  Journal,  that  they  may  bet- 
ter know  how  to  govern  and  train  their  children.  Young  people  should  read  the  JOURNAL, 
that  they  may  make  the  most  of  themselves.  It  has  long  met  with  the  hearty  approval 
of  the  press  and  the  people. 


AT.  Y.  Times  says :  "  The  Phrenological 
Journal  proves  that  the  increasing  years  of  a 
periodical  is  no  reason  for  its  lessening  its  en- 
terprise or  for  diminishing  its  abundance  of  in- 
teresting matter.  If  all  magazines  increased  in 
merit  as  steadily  as  The  Phrenological  Jour- 
nal, they  would  deserve  in  time  to  show  equal 
evidences  of  popularity." 


Christian  Unit*  says :  "  It  is  well  known  aa 
a  popular  storehouse  for  useful  thou;#.t.  It 
teaches  men   to  know  themselves,  and  con- 


stantly presents  matters  of  the  highest  interest 

lligent  readers,  and  has  the  advantage  of 

always  been   not  only  '  up  with    the 


to  in  tell 

having 
i  times,  but  a  little  in  advance.    Its  popularity 
i  shows  the  result  of  enterprise  and  brains." 


TERMS.— The  Journal  Is  published  monthly  at  $2.00  a  year,  or  20  cents  a 
Number.  To  each  new  subscriber  is  given  either  the  Bust  or  Chart  Premium  described 
above.  When  the  Premiums  are  sent,  15  cents  extra  must  be  received  with  each  sub- 
scription to  pay  postage  on  the  JOURNAL  and  the  expense  of  boxing  and  packing  the 
Bust,  which  will  be  sent  by  express,  or  No.  a,  a  smaller  siie,  or  the  Chart  Premium,  will 
be  sent  by  mail,  post-paid. 

Send  amount  in  P.  O.  Orders,  P.  N.,  Drafts  on  New  York,  or  in  Registered  Letters. 
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ber. Premium  List,  Posters,  etc.    Address 

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A  PLACE  OF  INTEREST. 

The  Phrenological  Cabinet,  located  at  775  Broadway, 
New  York,  above  9th  street,  and  directly  opposite 
"Stewart's,"  contains  a  large  and  interesting  collec- 
tion including  hundreds  of  Busts,  Casts,  Portraits,  and 
Sketches  of  Men  and  Women,  noted  and  notorious, 
from  all  classes,  including  Statesmen,  Soldiers,  Law- 
yers, Divines,  Inventors,  Philanthropists,  etc.,  with 
Murderers,  Pirates,  and  others  from  the  lower  walks  of 
life,  with  many  recent  additions,  and  is  kept  open  and 
free  to  visitors  during  all  business  hours.  This  we  do  for 
the  purpose  of  affording  facilities  for  the  study  of 
Human-Nature  and  in  order  to  interest  the  people  in 
this  subject,  making  it  really  a  very  important  educa- 
tional center.  Here  the  visitor  can  study  heads  and 
faces  at  leisure,  compare  the  size  and  shape  of  the  busts 
of  the  world's  celebrities,  which  are  carefully  arranged 
and  catalogued,  with  a  competent  person  always  in 
attendance  to  answer  inquiries,  and  to  afford  facilities 
for  their  proper  examination  and  study.  The  public, 
and  especially  those  interested  in  the  subject,  are 
cordially  invited  to  visit  our  rooms  without  feeling 
under  the  slightest  obligation  to  make  purchases,  for 
if  the  people  become  interested,  we  have  accomplished 
our  purpose  in  affording  them  these  facilities.  Come 
and  examine  the  world's  men  of  genius,  of  talent,  and 
of  crime,  and  become  familiar  with  Heads  and  Faces 
and  what  they  mean. 

This  Cabinet  belongs  to  the  American  Institute  of 
Phrenology,  an  institution  chartered  by  the  legislature 
of  the  State  of  New  York  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
instruction  and  public  lectures  on  this  subject.  For 
full  particulars  as  to  the  class  held  each  year  and  for 
Institute  Extra,  address 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO., 

775  Broadway,  New  York. 


THE   LABYRINTH. 


A  STORY  WORTH  READING. 

About  Human  Nature. 

We  have  recently  published  a  vol- 
ume containing  a  story  of  Human 
Nature  which  will  be  found  of  in- 
terest. It  is  called  "The  Man  Won- 
derful in  the  House  Beautiful," 
and  is  an  allegory,  teaching  the 
principles  of  Physiology  and  Hy- 
giene, and  the  effects  of  Stimulants 
and  Narcotics.  The  House  is  the 
Body,  in  which  the  Foundations  are 
the  Bones,  the  Walls  are  Muscles, 
the  Skin  and  Hair  the  Siding  and 
Shingles,  the  head  an  Observatory 
in  which  are  found  a  pair  of  Tele- 
scopes, and  radiating  from  it  are  the  nerves  which  are  compared 
to  a  Telegraph,  while  communications  are  kept  up  with  the 
Kitchen,  Dining-room,  Pantry,  Laundry,  etc.  The  House  is 
heated  with  a  Furnace.  There  are  also  Mysterious  Chambers, 
and  the  whole  is  protected  by  a  Burglar  Alarm.  In  studying  the 
inhabitant  of  the  House,  the  "  Man  Wonderful,"  we  learn  of  his 
growth,  development,  and  habits  of  the  guests  whom  he  in- 
troduces. He  finds  that  some  of  them  are  friends,  others  are 
doubtful  acquaintances,  and  some  decidedly  wicked.  Under  tjiis 
form,  we  ascertain  the  effects  of  Food  and  Drink,  Narcotics  and 
Stimulants. 

It  is  a  wonderful  book,  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  children 
will  lead  them  to  the  study  of  Physiology  and  Hygiene,  and  the 
Laws  of  Life  and  Health  in  a  way  that  will  never  be  forgotten. 
The  book  will  prove  of  great  interest  even  to  adults  and  those 
familial'  with  the  subject.  The  authors,  Drs.  C.  B.  and  Mary  A. 
Allen,  are  both  regular  physicians,  and  therefore  the  work  is  ac- 
curate and  on  a  scientific  basis.  ' '  Science  in  Story  "  has  never 
been  presented  in  a  more  attractive  form.  It  is  universally  ad- 
mitted that  a  large  proportion  of  sickness  comes  from  violations 
of  the  laws  of  Life  and  Health,  and  therefore  it  is  important  that 
this  subject  should  be  understood  by  all,  as  in  this  way  we  may 
become  familiar  with  all  the  avoidable  causes  of  disease.  The 
reading  of  this  book  will  very  largely  accomplish  this  end.  It 
will  be  sent  securely  by  mail,  prepaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  which  is 
only  $1.50.  Address 
Fowler  &  Wells  Co.,  Publishers,  775  Broadway,  New  York. 


'BEHOLD    I   BRING   GLAD   TIDINGS. 


A  BOOK  FOR  EVERY  WOMAN, 

BY 

ALICE    B.    STOCKHAM,   M.D. 

Revised,  Enlarged  and  Illustrated.     Price,  Cloth,  8s.,  Morocco,  lis., 

Post  Free. 

So  Work  of  the  Kind  ever  had  such  a  Phenomenal  Sale. 


The  author,  in  sympathy  with  the  needs  of  her  sex,  discusses  at  length, 
with  strength  and  purity,  physical  questions  of  the  greatest  importance. 
She  maintains  and  demonstrates  that  the  ailments  of  pregnancy  can  be 
prevented,  as  well  as  the  pains  and  dangers  of  childbirth  avoided  ;  that 
women  need  not  go  down  to  death  giving  birth  to  children.     This  is  a 

BOON  TO  EVERY  WOMAN, 

fetid  the  knowledge  should  be  in  the  possession  of  every  living  person. 

TOKOLOGY  gives  complete,  plain  and  specific  directions  for  the  care 
cf  a  woman  during  the  entire  term  of  PREGNANCY  ;  including  baths,  diet, 
t  cercise,  clothing,  and  medical  treatment.  Explicit  lessons  are  given  for  her 
n  anagement  during  and  after  confinement,  so  that  in  absence  of  medical  aid, 
one  can  easily  take  charge  of  an  ordinary  case. 

Plain  instructions  for  the  CARE  OF  AN  INFANT,  its  clothing,  bathing, 
nursing,  etc.,  are  given.     The  chapters  on  DISEASES  OF  CHILDREN  arc 

invaluable.  The  mother's  heart  stands  still  with  terror  at  thought  of  those 
dread  destroyers,  CONVULSIONS,  Dl  PHTH  ERIA,  CROUP,  ETC.  The 
remedies  for  them  are  new,  simple  and  effective. 

ARTIFICIAL  MILK  identical  with  human  milk  lessens  the  mortality 
of  hand-fed  babies,  and  it  need  not  be  said  of  them  that  "  Death  borders  on 
their  birth,  and  their  cradle  stands  in  the  graved 

TOKOLOGY  also  contains  invaluable  cbapters  upon  DYSPEPSIA, 
HEADACHE,     NEURALGIA,    RHEUMATISM,    CHANGE     OF    LIFE, 

etc.  The  chapter  on  CONSTIPATION  is  worth  the  price  of  the  book. 
Following  these  instructions,  both  men  and  women  have  been  cured  of  con- 
stipation of  ten,  fifteen,  and  even  twenty-five  years'  standing. 

DISEASES  OF  WOMEN  are  handled  in  a  masterly  manner,  enabling 
many  to  successfully  treat  themselves.  Fees  usually  paid  to  physicians  caii 
be  avoided.  MENSTRUATION,  with  its  periodic  suffering,  ceases  to  be 
a  dread.  The  common  sense  hints  in  regard  to  and  treatment  for  the  disorders 
incidental  to  this  function  are  beyond  price. 

L.  N.  FOWLER  &  Co.,  Publishers,  Ludgate  Circus,  London. 


Judging  from  the  good,  kind,  intelligent  and  motherly  looking  frontispiece  of  the  author, 
we  think  everybody  ought  to  read  the  book,  just  because  so  grand  a  woman  has  written  it. 
A  Itruist. 

I  am  greatly  delighted  to  hear  of  the  splendid  sale  of  Tokology.— KATE  MILLS,  London. 
England. 

Thousands  of  miseries  that  women  might  as  well  have  been  saved,  they  have  been 
compelled  to  bear  for  ages  past,  because  the  medicine  man  decided  that  it  was  the  common 
lot  of  the  sex,  and  they  would  feel  better  when  they  got  over  it.  But  a  woman  who  has  had 
these  experiences  herself  will  never  forget  them,  and  instead  of  administering  to  the  sufferer 
the  kind  of  consolation  our  mothers  received,  she  sets  her  wits  to  work  to  find  the  cause  and 
the  remedy  for  suffering.  Tokology  is  the  work  of  a  woman,  an  honored  physician  of  long 
practice,  the  mother  of  grown  children,  to  one  of  whom,  a  daughter,  she  dedicates  the  volume. 
We  congratulate  Dr.  Stockham  on  the  noble  work  she  has  executed,  and  only  wish  we  had 
the  power  to  place  a  copy  of  TOKOLOGY  in  the  hands  of  every  woman  in  the  land. — Burlington 
Hawkeye. 

There  is  not  a  syllable  that  a  mother  might  not  read  to  her  maturing  daughter  with 
propriety.  TOKOLOGY  will  assist  in  the  production  of  a  sturdier  generation  than  the 
present. — Midland,  St.  Louis. 

Thousands  of  women  hare  already  obtained  desired  results  from 
TOKOLOGY.     Letters  are  daily  received  ;  from  a  few  we  give 

WHAT  LADIES  SAY. — I  think  TOKOLOGY  one  of  the  best  works  I  ever  read.  My 
husband  says  money  could  not  buy  our  copy,  if  we  could  not  get  another. — MRS.  A.  W.  Phelps. 
Tillamook,  Oregon. 

A  lady  writes  to  a  young  friend  :— Tins  is  my  advertisement  for  "my  good  book," 
TOKOLOGY.    Don't  you  ever  dare  to  have  a  baby  till  you  buy  it. 

I  bought  Tokology  three  months  previous  to  the  birth  of  my  child,  and  can  truthfully 
say  I  was  another  woman  from  the  time  I  began  to  follow  its  rules,  I  suffered  far  less  than 
at  any  previous  confinement,  and  I  do  heartily  recommend  the  study  and  practice  of  Tokology 
to  every  wife  and  mother.  I  feel  my  babe  on  the  Artificial  Mother's  Milk,  as  directed  in 
Tokology,  with  best  results.— Mrs.  Theo.  Webgoot),  Asheville,  N.  C. 

I  suffered  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  with  each  of  my  three  older  children.  This 
baby  was  born  two  hours  before  the  doctor  got  here,  and  he  made  all  possible  haste.  If  my 
baby  was  a  girl  its  name  should  certainly  be  Alice  Stockham.  I  feel  like  getting  up  on  the 
housetop  and  proclaiming  the  glad  tidings  of  TOKOLOGY  to  the  whole  world. — Mrs.  E.  M. 
Fuller,  Paschal,  Ga. 

I  have  told  hundreds  that  Tokology  is  just  as  true  as  that  I  stand  on  mv  feet.  Mrs. 
Kelly. 

TOKOLOGY  has  run  rapidly  through  several  editions,  proving  it 
has  met  a  demand  among  thinking  people.  Many  intelligent  and  sympa- 
thetic women  acting  as  agents  for  this  took,  realize  handsome  profits,  beside* 
the  satisfaction  of  doing  real  missionary  work. 

One  writes  :  "  I  think  the  book  would  sell  itself,  no  matter  how  poor  the  agent.  I  took 
forty-five  orders  in  five  days  last  week,  notwithstanding  the  storm.  I  sell  TOKOLOGY  because 
I  know  I  am  benefiting  the  buyer." 

Another  :  "I  sell  TOKOLOGY  even  if  families  have  three  or  four  other  Medical  books. 
It  has  information  never  before  given  in  medical  works."  A  third  :  "  I  consider  selling 
TOKOLOGY  a  missionary  work.  Ordinarily  I  take  five  orders  out  of  every  six  calls  I  make. 
To-day  I  made  nine  sales  in  ten  calls,  selling  three  in  one  house." 


Price,  post  free  (English  or  German),  Cloth  8s.,  Morocco  1 


Addres 


AGENTS    WANTED. 

L.  N.  FOWLER  &  Co.,  Publishers, 

7,  Imperial  Arcade.  Ludgatc  Circus.  London,  E.  C. 


PHYSICAL   CULTURE. 

For  Home  an?.  School.  Scientific  and  Practical.  By  D.  L.  Dowd, 
Professor  of  Physical  Culture.  322  12mo.  pages.  300  Illustra- 
trations.     Fine  Binding.     Price  $1.50. 

CONTENTS. 

Physical   Cultl  re,    Scientific  and  Practical,   for  the  Home  and 

School.     Pure  Air  and  Foul  Air. 
Questions  Constantly  Being  Asked  : 

No    t.    Does  massage  treatment  strengthen  muscular  tissue? 

No.  aJ,    Are  boat-racing  and  horseback-riding  good  exercises  ? 

No.  3.    Are  athletic  sports  conducive  to  health  ? 

No.  4.     Why  do  you  object  to  developing  with  heavy  weights  ? 

3Sl  o.  5.    How  long  a  time  will  it  take  to  reach  the  limit  of  development  ? 

No.  6.  Is  there  a  limit  to  muscular  development,  and  is  it  possible  to  gain  an  ab- 
normal development? 

No.  7.    What  is  meant  by  being  muscle  bound  ? 

No.  8.    Why  are  some  small  men  stronger  than  others  of  nearly  double  their  size  J 

No.  9.  Why  is  a  person  taller  with  less  weight  in  the  morning  than  in  the 
evening  ? 

No.  10.    How  should  a  person  breathe  while  racing  or  walking  upstairs  or  up-hill  ? 

No.  11.  Is  there  any  advantage  gained  by  weighting  the  shoes  of  sprinters  and 
horses  ? 

No.  12.    What  kind  of  food  is  best  for  us  to  eat  f 

No.  13.    What  form  of  bathing  is  best  ? 

No.  14.     How  can  I  best  reduce  my  weight,  or  how  increase  it  ? 

No.  15.    Can  you  determine  the  size  of  one's  lungs  by  blowing  in  a  spirometer  ? 

Personal  Experience  of  the  Author  in  Physical  Training. 

Physical  Culture  for  the  Voice.     Practice  of  Deep  Breathing. 

Facial  and  Neck  Development.     A  few  Hints  for  the  Complexion. 

The  Graceful  and  Ungraceful  Figure,  and  Improvement  of  De- 
formities, such  as  Bow-Leg,  Knock-Knee,  Wry-Neck,  Round 
Shoulders,  Lateral  Curvature  of  the  Spine,  etc. 

A  few  Brief  Rules.  The  Normal  Man.  Specific  Exercises  for  the 
Development  of  Every  Set  of  Muscles  of  the  Body,  Arms  and 
Legs,  also  Exercises  for  Deepening  and  Broadening  the  Chest 
and  Strengthening  the  Lungs. 
These  34  Specific  Exercises  are  each  illustrated  by  a  full  length 
figure  (taken  from  life)  showing  the  set  of  muscles  in  contraction, 
which  can  be  developed  by  each  of  them.  J   Dumb  Bell  Exercises. 

Ten  Appendices  showing  the  relative  gain  a?  pupils  from  9  years 
of  age  to  40. 

All  who  value  Health,  Strength  and  Happiness  should  procure 
and  read  this  work  ;  it  will  be  found  by  far  the  best  work  ever 
written  on  this  important  subject.  Sent  by  mail,  postpaid,  on 
receipt  of  price.     $1.50. 

Address,  Fowler  &  Wells  Co,,  Publishers,  775  Broadway,  New  York. 


Fowler  &  Wells  Co.'s  New  Publications, 


Physical  Culture.      For  Home  and-  School.    Scientific  and 
Practical.     By  D.  L.  Dowd,  Professor  of  Physical  Culture. 
12mo,  322  pages .  8(Hllustrations,  fine  binding.     $1.50. 
The  best  work  on  the*  building  up  of  Health  and  Strength  by 
systematic  exercise  ever  published.     It  will  be  called  for  by  pro- 
fessional and  all  sedentary  people,  and  all  who  do  not  have  the 
necessary  and  proper  exercise  in  their  daily  occupation  ;  it  also 
tells  how  to  work  for  health  and  strength. 

A  Practical  Plan  of   Instruction  in   Shorthand.    By 

Bates  Torry.    $1. 
Consisting  of  a  series  of  twenty  lessons,  in  the  form  of  Lesson 
leaves.     Every  teacher  of  shorthand  will  prize  this,  and  those  at- 
tempting self-instruction  should  use  it. 

Nervousness:    Its   Nature,  Causes,   Symptoms,   and 

Treatment.    By  H.  S.  Drayton,  M.  D.,  Editor  Phrenologi- 
cal Journal.    25  cents. 
A  practical  treatise  on  this  rapidly  increasing  malady. 

Pope's  Essay  on  Man.  With  responding"  Essay,  Man  Seen 
in  the  Deepening  Dawn.  By  Dr.  C.  S.  Weeks.  Paper,  25c. 
A  unique  and  interesting  volume  giving  Pope's  Essay,  and  on 
the  opposite  pages  parallel  lines  also  parallel  to  and  respond- 
ing to  the  sentiments  of  Pope.  All  admirers  of  the  Essay  on  Man 
will  enjoy  this. 

How  to  Succeed  as  a  Stenographer  or  Typewriter, 

should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  shorthand  writer  and  student, 
containing  quiet  hints  and  gentle  advice  by  one  who  ' '  Has 
Been  There."  A  Handbook  of  miscellaneous  information  and 
suggestions  for  the  young  law  reporter  ;  the  Shorthand  Stu- 
dent; the  Typewriter  operator;  with  rules  for  the  proper  use 
of  capital  letters  and  punctuation.  Also  some  practical  sug- 
gestions for  the  formation  of  a  general  American  Association 
of  Stenographers.     By  Arthur  M.  Baker.     25c. 

Andrews'    Chart     of     Comparative    Phonography. 

Showing  and  comparing  the  principal  features  in  the  leading 
systems  of  Phonography  of  interest  to  all  shorthand  writers 
and  students.  15  x  20  inches.  Price,  25c.  Mounted  on 
muslin,  50c. 

Horace  Mann :    A  view  of  his  life  and  its  meaning  ;  a  memo- 
rial address.     By  Rev.  J.  B.  Weston,  D.D.    Paper,  10c. 
A  worthy  tribute  to  this  great  man,  it  will  prove  to  be  of  interest 
to  every  intelligent  reader. 

FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO.,  Publishers,  775  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

N.  B.— Our  New   Illustrative  and  Descrintiye  Catalogue  sent 
on  application.     L.  N.  FOWLEK  &  c5W*. 

•       PUBLISHERS, 

T.  Imperial  Arcade,  Lvd&ate  Cisoui, 


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